Poultry Flashcards
poultry
chicken, turkey, ducks
gross annual income
over $45 billion
66.4% broilers, 19.1 eggs, 11.4 turkey, 3.1 other poultry
birth of vertical integration
chicken price declined
producers began to rely in feed company as source of credit
feed dealers began to depend on feed manufacturers as source of credit
feed suppliers and manufactures began to acquire hatcheries and processors
egg industry
90 million eggs annually
65% fresh, the rest is for manufacturing of other foods
United States broiler production
georiga, alabama, arkansas, north carolina, mississippi
feed efficiency
very feed efficient
broilers : 45% feed protein- protein in versus protein out
eggs: 33%
2:1 feed efficiency
non-meat poultry products
fertile eggs used in preparation of vaccines
eggs used in making pharmaceuticals, paints, varnishes, adhesives, and printer’s ink
feathers for down
chicks for research
evolutionary ancestors
all current breeds of domestic chickens are descended from the red jungle fowl
breeds
divided into class, breed, and then variety (based on colors or markings within same breed)
White Plymouth Rock
dual purpose breeds lay brown eggs used mostly for meat production
very muscular, larger body size, white feathers -easier to pick clean, quick gains
broilers: approximately 8 weeks old and 5.5 pounds
White Leghorn
single comb, known for egg production, angular
hens lay 250 or more eggs per year
mostly white shell eggs but sometimes brown- regionality
bronze turkey
black plumage, largest size
large white turkey
90% of turkeys are this variety, similar to bronze but white in color, produced in warmer climates
small white turkey
young turkey
poult
mature male turkey
tom
older turkey chick
pullet
broody
mothering behavior in hens where they are choosing to sit on eggs and incubate them
battery cage
a system of housing poultry in rows of cages in an environmentally controlled building
beak trimming
the practice of removing the tip of the beak from young chicks to prevent injury to other chicks
brooder
a housing unit that includes a heating device to keep young chicks warm
supplemental heat needed, brooder rings, litter for bedding, self feeding, feeders and waterers are hung from ceiling
coop
enclosure to keep small flocks
hatchability
the percentage of fertilized eggs that hatch
hatchery
a business that sells fertilized eggs ready to be moved to different parts of the production system
housing poultry
55-75 F is optimal
moisture: water spilled, water in inflowing air, and water vapor from the birds
ventilation
breeding flocks
restricted feeding- maximize fertility
1 male- 10-15 females
housed on litter, nesting boxes
hatchery
broiler production
automatic feed and waterers, high grain diets, rapid average daily gain, feed efficiency important (1.8lbs feed to 1lb of gain)
turkey production
require more management, need more space and time
marketed 15-20 weeks
duck production
fast growing, 7lb in 6-7 weeks, like water- more moisture n
egg production systems
conventional, cage free, pasture raised, free-range
-pasteurized
-omega-3 enriched
top US states for egg production
iowa, ohio, illinois, pennsylvania, texas, georgia, michigan, north carolina, arkansas, california
per capita consumption of eggs
increased 15% in the past 20 years
nutritional value
high quality protein
rich in vitamins: A, D, E, folic acid, riboflavin, B12
minerals
composition
shell, air cell, shell membrane(inner and outer), thin albumen (white), thick albumen (white), yolk, vitelline membrane of yolk, germinal disc, chalazae (anchors yolk in the center of the egg)
shell formation
composed of mostly calcium carbonate (94%)
shell strength is greatly by diet of hen
grading
grade AA- stands tall, yolk is firm and the area covered by the white is small
laying hens
about 18 weeks of age
factors that influence egg production
genetic pattern of the breed of hen, hen’s age at egg-laying maturity (too young-smaller eggs), light control, feed quality, temperature and humidity (57-79F, 40-60%), replace or molting the flock
egg storage
refrigerated 40-45F with high relative humidity (85%)
feathers and down
small, soft feathers found beneath the outer feathers of ducks and geese
pillows, quilts, jackets
top exporters
united states, brazil
woody breast syndrom
breat meat is very tough
