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Year 10 > Svience biology > Flashcards

Svience biology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the phosphate group do?

A

involved with the sugar in helping hold together the DNA sugar

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2
Q

What is the big bang theory?

A

a theory stating that their was nothing until a singularity occurred and the universe expanded outwards evenly

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3
Q

What are examples of the atmosphere?

A
  • thin compared to earth
  • air, oxygen and gases
  • 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon and 0.1% other
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4
Q

What makes carbon dioxide special?

A

unlike nitrogen and oxygen (2 atoms) it has 3 atoms allowing it to absorb/trap heat

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5
Q

What is a planetary nebula?

A

old red giants continue to expand until its outer shell gets ejected making a ring shaped nebula

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6
Q

What is cell division?

A

the process in which parent cell divides into 2 or more daughter cells

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7
Q

Is the the natural greenhouse effect vital?

A

yes, to maintain earth’s temperatures and ensure it’s habitable

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8
Q

Whats the radius of a neutron star?

A

10km

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9
Q

Where does a stars energy come from?

A

nuclear fusion of mainly hydrogen atoms.

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10
Q

What type of letters are dominant and recessive alleles represented by?

A

dominant - capital
recessive - lowercase

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11
Q

What is cell specialisation?

A

The process where generic cells transform into specialised cells with defined roles.

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12
Q

What are examples of the lithosphere?

A
  • earth’s crust
  • cool part of mantle
  • mountains
  • continents
  • ocean floor
  • rocks, sands, minerals and soil
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13
Q

What type of bond connects the nitrogenous base with a pentose sugar?

A

covalent

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14
Q

Under what conditions does a main sequence star become a red giant?

A

smaller than 8x suns mass

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15
Q

What is natural selection?

A

the process in which an environmental factor acts on a population and results in some organisims having greater chance of survial and producing more off spring than others

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16
Q

What is a supernova?

A

the expanding shock wave that occurs when supergiants are destroyed by a titanic explosion leaving only the core

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17
Q

What are galaxies?

A

clusters of relatively close stars, dust and other remnants that are held together by gravity.

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18
Q

What is gravity?

A

a weak force, that over billions of years have attracted stars to clump together to form a galaxy.

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19
Q

What are alleles?

A
  • an alternative form of gene
  • every trait has 2 alleles
  • expressed as dominant of recessive
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20
Q

What is short wave radiation?

A

radiation directly from the sun, converts to heat when it heats an object

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21
Q

Under what conditions does the remaining supergiant core become a neutron star?

A

less than 3x suns mass

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22
Q

What is a black dwarf?

A

once a white dwarf cools enough it becomes invisible thus becoming a black dwarf

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23
Q

What does the Lithosphere include?

A

solid earth

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24
Q

What are genes?

A
  • the sequence of DNA that codes for protein thus determines a trait
  • each chromosome contains many genes that code for different traits
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25
Q

Does genetic variation increase or decrease genetic fitness?

A

both

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26
Q

What is mitosis?

A

a type of cell division done by most of your body

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27
Q

What are the 4 symbols of a pedigree and their meanings?

A

circle - female
square - male
coloured - affected
slash - dead

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28
Q

What does the inside of chromosomes act like?

A

instructions to teach cells how to function and replicate

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29
Q

Can atoms be destroyed or created?

A

neither

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30
Q

What are the two things main sequence stars can become?

A

red giant and supergiants

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31
Q

What is evolution?

A

the change in a species over many generations resulting in the formation of a new species

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32
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

growth and repair

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33
Q

What are the 3 main influences on climate?

A
  • earths surface - how much sun energy will be reflected back
  • gases in atmosphere - how much and what types
  • orientation of the earth - angle of suns radiation effects intensity (more steep = more intense vice versa)
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34
Q

What is an example of speciation?

A
  • VARIATION in giraffe necks
  • giraffes ISOLATED to environment and struggle to survive
  • the phenotype best suited to environment is SELECTED by environment and passed on
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35
Q

What is earths nearest star?

A

sun

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36
Q

What does the Atmosphere include?

A

the gases that surround earth

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37
Q

Whats a genotype?

A

genetic makeup of an organism (allele)

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38
Q

What are the two chromosomes females and males have?

A

females - XX
males - XY

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39
Q

What is fusion?

A

combination of atoms

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40
Q

What do stem cells replace?

A

worn out cells

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41
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

a diagram that shows the relationship between parents and children over generation and how a trait is passed down

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42
Q

Whats the mass of a neutron star?

A

5x the sun

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43
Q

Whats the carbon cycle?

A
  • plants absorb carbon
  • animals eat plants and carbon
  • carbon returns back to atmosphere from dead plants, animals and poo
  • carbon stored underground becomes coal
  • when coal is used it returns back to atmosphere
  • carbon can go into ocean
  • plants return carbon through plant respiration
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44
Q

What is the star colour/temperature or spectral class guide?

A

O, B, A, F, G, K, M

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45
Q

What are chromosomes

A

small structures of tightly coiled DNA segments made of DNA and protein

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46
Q

Is cytokinesis and interphase part of mitosis?

A

no

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47
Q

Why do 3 atoms allow molecules to absorb heat?

A

allow vibrations in more ways

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48
Q

How many stars are main sequence stars?

A

90%

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49
Q

How many out of the 46 chromosomes actually determine the gender?

A

2

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50
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there?

A

23

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51
Q

What are traits?

A
  • a specific characteristic that varies with different people
  • genes coded define our traits
  • physical, behavioural, predisposition and medical
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52
Q

What are cells?

A
  • basic building blocks of organelles
  • vary in size, shape and function
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53
Q

How have humans altered the greenhouse effect?

A

unbalanced CO2 in atmosphere, the earth can no longer keep up with the release of greenhouse gases and so they remain in the atmosphere with the trapped heat causing the climate to change and the globe to warm

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54
Q

What does the structure of a nucleotide look like?

A

rectangle nitrogenous base connected to hexagon pentose sugar via covalent bond and phosphate small circle is connected to sugar (far left)

55
Q

What are the 3 steps of speciation?

A
  • variation
  • isolation
  • selection
56
Q

What is the range of colours a star can be?

A

Blue, Light Blue, White, Light Yellow, Yellow, Orange, Red

57
Q

What are the two types of pairings?

A
  • homozygous (same)
  • heterozygous (different)
58
Q

What would happen if the universe expanded faster?

A
  • more stable neutrons
  • have more helium
59
Q

What is an environmental factor/selective agent?

A
  • factor that acts on population
  • two types biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living)
60
Q

What are the two parts of a chromosome?

A

centrometere and chromatid

61
Q

What is selective pressure?

A

the effect of the selective agent on the population
- most selective agents inflict this by killing less fit individuals

62
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

nucleus of cell (unable to leave)

63
Q

What is Metaphase?

A

MIDDLE
chromosomes are lining up in the middle

64
Q

What is long wave radiation?

A

the heat radiated from an object that has received short wave infrared radiation

65
Q

What is prophase?

A

TOGETHER
chromosomes are together, visible and condensing

66
Q

What are the two things the remaining core of a supernova can become?

A

neutron star and black hole

67
Q

What are chromosome pairs called?

A

homologous

68
Q

What is the ozone layer?

A
  • a thin atmospheric layer of earth formed by ozone molecules
  • forms when radiation separates the 2 atoms of an ozone molecule and the molecules than individually combine to form the ozone
  • absorbs most of the suns harmful UV radiation
69
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A
  • clear separation and division between 2 cells
  • cytoplasm splits
70
Q

What are the 2 purines?

A

Adeline and Guanine

71
Q

Whats a punnet square?

A

used to work out the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes

72
Q

Whats the densest objects in the universe?

A

black holes

73
Q

What is Telophase?

A

SEPERATE
opposite ends, two seperate cells

74
Q

What happened to the universe after the big bang?

A
  • the universe was foggy
  • the was formed but hot hydrogen plasma from the big bang
  • the plasma cooled, stabilising atoms and dissipating fog
  • this process left heat remnants from BB called cosmic background radiation
75
Q

How fast does light travel?

A

300 000 km/s

76
Q

What are red giants?

A
  • come from main sequence stars that are less than 8x the mass of the sun
  • large bright cool stars
  • last around 1 billion years
77
Q

What is the biggest known star?

A

supergiant

78
Q

What is red shift?

A
  • when a star moves away from us
  • lower frequency wave
  • frequency wave is stretched out making it appear red
79
Q

How do stars vary?

A

size, colour and temperature

80
Q

What is Cosmic Background Radiation

A
  • the heat remnants from the big bang
  • faint background radiation found with sensitive telescopes
81
Q

When do greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere?

A

when shortwave radiation from the sun is absorbed by the earth’s surface and re radiated as long wave infrared radiation

82
Q

What is interphase?

A
  • 90% of cell cycle
  • cells duplicating DNA
  • 46 chromosomes become 92
83
Q

What are the 2 types of sugars in DNA and RNA?

A

DNA - Deoxyribose sugar
RNA - Ribose Sugar

84
Q

What are the 2 pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymine

85
Q

What energy is emitted from stars?

A

heat and light energy

86
Q

How have most galaxies shifted?

A

red shifted

87
Q

What does the Biosphere include?

A

all life on earth

88
Q

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?

A

A and T (apples in trees)
C and G (cars in garage)

89
Q

What do the lines mean in a pedigree?

A

different generation (one per line)

90
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)

91
Q

What is gene regulation?

A

process of turning genes on and off to control what cells transform into

92
Q

Where are stars formed?

93
Q

What is a karotype?

A

picture of chromosome

94
Q

What are main sequence stars?

A

stars that are still undergoing nuclear fusion

96
Q

What is a neutron star?

A
  • when the remaining core of a supergiant is less than 3x the mass of the sun neutrons stars will form
  • the smallest and densest stars known
  • radius of 10km
  • very hot mass of 5 times the sun
97
Q

How much DNA do most of your cells contain?

98
Q

What percent of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide?

99
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

  • the universal code for all organisms that contains genetic information needed to code proteins
    -contains information that determines inherited characteristics
100
Q

What are the Eukaryotic cells?

A
  • plant and animals
  • nucleus and organelles enclosed in plasma membrane
101
Q

Under what conditions does the remaining supergiant core become a black hole?

A

more than 3x suns mass

102
Q

Whats a phenotype?

A

the physical characteristic (words)

103
Q

What is the smallest densest star known?

A

neutron star

104
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

the fusion of an egg and sperm

105
Q

What are the 3 different ways to represent the probability of genotypes?

A
  • percentages
  • fractions
  • ratios
106
Q

What is a supergiant?

A
  • main sequence stars that are more than 8x the sun will become a red supergiant
  • largest known star and cool
  • last for 100 thousand years
107
Q

how long does the protostar period last?

A

1 million years

108
Q

What are black holes?

A
  • when the remaining core of a supergiant is more than 3x the mass of the sun the core collapses and a black holes will form
  • densest objects in the universe
  • gravitational pull so strong light cannot escape
109
Q

What is a star?

A

a giant ball of hot glowing gases predominately hydrogen and helium

110
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • all organisms are made of cells
  • all cells are made by pre-existing cells
  • the cell is the smallest living organism
111
Q

What is Anaphase?

A

AWAY
chromosomes are moving to the sides

112
Q

What is blue shift?

A
  • when a star moves toward us
  • higher frequency wave
  • frequency wave it stretched out making it appear blue
113
Q

What would happen if the universe expanded slower?

A
  • less stable neutrons
  • less helium
114
Q

What are light years?

A

(ly) a measure of distance, how far light travels in one year.

115
Q

What are examples of the hydrosphere?

A
  • oceans, lakes, rivers, ice caps, glaciers, rain and snow
  • 97% salt water and 3% fresh water
  • most fresh water is frozen
116
Q

What is the universes continuing consistent expansion rate?

A

73% hydrogen anf 26% helium

117
Q

What are examples of the biosphere?

A
  • ecosystems
  • extends into other spheres
  • animals, human and plants
118
Q

What are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Pentose sugar
  • Nitrogenous Base
119
Q

What is a DNA structure when its twisted and untwisted?

A

double helix and ladder

120
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells?

A
  • unicellular organism
  • no nucleus
121
Q

Why does interphase occur?

A

we need 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell created

122
Q

What are the 4 spheres of the earth?

A
  • Lithosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Biosphere
  • Atmosphere
123
Q

How long does the supergiant stage last?

A

100 thousand years

124
Q

Whats the order from biggest to smallest starting with cell?

A
  • cell
  • nucleus
  • chromosome
  • DNA
  • gene
125
Q

What does the Hydrosphere include?

A

all water on earth

126
Q

Under what conditions does a main sequence star become a supergiant?

A

bigger than 8x suns mass

127
Q

What is a protostar?

A

young stars that are still gathering mass from a nebula, lasts a million years

128
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

129
Q

What is spectral class?

A

range of colour and temperature a star can be

130
Q

What is a nebula?

A

A massive interstellar formation of gas and dust, all stars are formed.

131
Q

What is a white dwarf?

A
  • the hot core that remains when a planetary nebula forms
  • as dense as the sun but the same size as the earth
  • last 10-999 billion years
132
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

PMAT

  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
133
Q

What are the two types of chromosome abnormlities?

A
  • numerical - someone is missing or has an extra chromosome
  • structural - multiples different chromosome structures (deletions and duplications
134
Q

What is a nebula?

A

a big interstellar formation of gas and dust where stars are made

Year 10 (15 decks)

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