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Year 10 > PSYCH EXAM V2 > Flashcards

PSYCH EXAM V2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is social cognition?

A

How we communicate and interact with others on many different levels everyday.

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2
Q

What is person perception?

A

the different mental processes that we use to form impressions of other people and conclusions we come to based on their personal characteristics.

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3
Q

What is a negative of person perception/social categorisation?

A

stereotyping

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4
Q

What is anchoring bias?

A

when people rely heavily on the first information they find when making decisions and ignore all others

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5
Q

What is attentional bias?

A

prioritising attention to certain information over others

you get braces and notice everyone else has them

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6
Q

What is conformation bias?

A

only see/believe/seek evidence that confirms belief and ignores others that don’t

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7
Q

what is false consensus bias

A

tendency to see our own behaviours as common or widespread

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8
Q

what is the halo effect

A

where appearances influence beliefs in other qualities

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9
Q

what is hindsight bias

A

the tendency to recall past events as being more predictable than they were

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10
Q

what is misinformation bias

A

when new information of an event influence a memory of that event

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11
Q

What is optimism bias

A

the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of experiencing positive rather than negative events

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12
Q

What is self serving bias

A

attributing success to internal factors but failure to external factors

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13
Q

What is the dunning Kruger effect

A

the tendency to overestimate ones knowledge on a certain topic

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14
Q

What are examples of non-verbal communication?

A

facial expressions, eye contact, posture, gestures and movement

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15
Q

What are attributions?

A

Inferences that we make about the cause of an event

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16
Q

What are the two types of attributes?

A

personal/internal and situational/external

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17
Q

What is a situational attribute?

A

When someone’s behaviour is explained in terms if the situation they are in

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18
Q

What is a personal attribute?

A

When someone’s behaviour is explained in terms of their personal qualities

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19
Q

What is fundamental attribution error?

A

the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors, contributing a persons behaviour to internal rather than external factors.

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20
Q

What is saliency bias?

A

The person tends to be more noticeable/salient than the situation

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21
Q

What is just world belief?

A

Believing that the world is just and the person gets what they deserve

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22
Q

What is actor observer bias?

A

the tendency to attribute our our own behaviour to external factors and others to internal factors

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23
Q

What is self serving bias?

A

attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors

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24
Q

What is salience?

A

any personal characteristic that is distinctive, prominent, conspicuous or noticeable

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25
Q

What usually creates salience?

A

novelty, uniqueness or unexpectedness

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26
Q

What is social categorisation?

A

classifying people into different groups based on common characteristics

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27
Q

What is an attitude?

A

an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issues (generally consistent and long lasting)

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28
Q

What are 5 features of an attitude?

A
  • learnt through experiences
  • different intensities
  • long lasting
  • can be changed
  • we can be unaware until expressed
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29
Q

What is an acronym for the 3 components of the tri component model of attributes?

A

ABC - affective, behavioural and cognitive

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30
Q

What are the three components on the tri component model of attributes?

A

cognitive (beliefs), behavioural (actions) and affective (feelings)

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31
Q

What does the cognitive component represent?

A

the beliefs we have

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32
Q

What does the affective component represent?

A

emotional reactions/feelings we have

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33
Q

What does the behavioural component represent?

A

the way an attitude is expressed through actions

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34
Q

What needs to be present for an attitude to exsist?

A

all 3 attitude components (Cognitive, Behavioural and Affective)

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35
Q

Does the tri component model of attitudes always have to be consistent?

A

no

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36
Q

What does inconsistency between components often mean?

A

some components are stronger than others

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36
Q

How can attitudes get stronger?

A

more understanding on topic and how the information is gathered

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37
Q

Is an attitude stronger when information is gathered from direct experiences or indirectly?

A

direct experiences

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37
Q

What are limitations of the tri component model?

A

attitudes are not reflected by their behaviour

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38
Q

How can being around like minded people affect attitudes?

A

strengthens beliefs

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39
Q

What does accessibility mean in relation to attitudes?

A

strong thoughts, come to mind easily, thought about regularly, well known and stored in memory

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40
Q

What 2 components of the tri component model can be overpowered by social context/ the situation?

A

affective and cognitive

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41
Q

How does control affect the consistency of an attitude/behaviour?

A

more likely to match when people believe they have control over the behaviour

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42
Q

What is an ingroup?

A

Any group you belong to or identify with

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43
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

Any group you don’t belong to or identify with

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44
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

a generalisation about the personal characteristics of members of a social group

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45
Q

Are stereotypes positive or negative?

A

both

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46
Q

What do stereotypes influence?

A

expectations or what some is like

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47
Q

How do stereotypes help us?

A

assist in knowing how to react with new people

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48
Q

What can stereotypes lead to?

A

social stigma

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49
Q

What is social stigma?

A

negative labels and attitudes associated with disapproval or rejection by others who aren’t labelled the same

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50
Q

How does social stigma affect the stigmatised group?

A

feel shame, rejection, restrict ambitions and lower confidence and lower self-esteem

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51
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

an unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people become aware that there is an inconsistency among their beliefs, attitudes or cognitions.

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52
Q

What are the 3 basic ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A
  • change our dissonant cognition
  • change the behaviour to suit dissonant cognition
  • add new cognitions
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53
Q

How do we change our dissonant cognition reduce cognitive dissonance?

A

convince ourselves that our thinking is faulty or further justifying a belief

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54
Q

What is an example of adding new cognitions to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A

Not playing sport (dissonant cognition) because I have a bad knee (new justifying cognition)

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55
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

a systematic error of judgment and faulty decision making.

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56
Q

What does cognitive bias lead to?

A

inaccurate or unreasonable conclusions

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57
Q

Why is cognitive bias considered to be a systematic error?

A
  • due to biased thinking
  • occurs naturally
  • constant and predictable (not random)
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58
Q

What are examples of a cognitive bias?

A

actor-observer, anchoring, attentional, conformation, false-consensus, hindsight, misinformation, optimism and Dunning-Kruger

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59
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

a mental short cut we use to make quick judgments or quickly solve problems based on similar experiences

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60
Q

Are heuristics accurate?

A

not always

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61
Q

What can heuristics involve?

A

involve or lead to cognitive bias

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62
Q

What is an example of heuristics?

A

when playing monopoly a heuristic may be to purchase as many properties as possible, however it doesn’t ensure winning but does increase one’s chance of winning

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63
Q

What is an availability heuristic?

A

a judgment or heuristic that comes to mind quickly is deemed as significant, however, often incorrect

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64
Q

What is availability bias?

A

the tendency to think that examples of things we can quickly recall are more or less common than they actually are

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65
Q

What is representativeness heuristic?

A

categorising a person, object, event or other thing by judging how closely it matches our idea of a typical member of the category

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66
Q

What is affect heuristic?

A

making a judgment that is influenced by the emotion being experienced at the time

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67
Q

What aspects do we commonly judge during a first impression?

A

physical appearance, behaviour and facial expressions

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68
Q

Are first impressions lasting?

A

yes

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69
Q

What are the 3 main issues with stereotypes?

A

often inaccurate
can be harmful
leads to prejudice

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70
Q

How do we often view people in our in group?

A

positively and we develop loyalty easier

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71
Q

How do we often view people in our out group?

A

more negatively and its harder to develop loyalty

72
Q

What is prejudice?

A

a negative attitude towards members of a group based solely on their membership of that group

73
Q

What are 4 reasons for prejudice?

A
  • believe they are superior
  • believe they are different and don’t belong
  • believe they are more powerful and important
  • fear they will become more powerful
74
Q

What are the four prejudice types?

A

old fashioned prejudice, modern prejudice, explicit and implicit

75
Q

What is old fashioned prejudice?

A

when the members of the majority group openly reject minority group member and their view towards minority group are obvious and recognisable to others

76
Q

What is modern prejudice?

A

when the prejudice is more subtle/hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group

77
Q

What is explicit prejudice?

A

prejudice that is consciously held, deliberately thought about, expressed by the person holding it and similar to old fashioned prejudice

78
Q

What is implicit prejudice?

A

prejudice that is unconsciously held and the person holding it is unaware they hold it

79
Q

What is discrimination?

A

positive and negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members

80
Q

What are examples of discriminatory behaviour?

A

ignoring, bullying, excluding and violence

81
Q

What are the two types of discrimination?

A

direct and indirect

82
Q

What is direct discrimination?

A

when a person treats, or proposes to treat someone unfavourably due to a person characteristic protected by the law

83
Q

What is indirect discrimination?

A

when treating everyone the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic

84
Q

What is an example of indirect discrimination?

A

no hats -> discriminates against people who wear hijabs/head coverings

85
Q

What does prejudice and discrimination lead to?

A

stigma

86
Q

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A

prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is a behaviour

87
Q

What does intergroup contact entail?

A

increasing contact between groups who are prejudiced against each other in order to reduce prejudice

88
Q

What are the 3 conditions for intergroup contact to work?

A
  • sustained contact
  • mutual interdependence
  • equal statuses
89
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

the assumption that close, prolonged contact leads to a re-evaluation of stereotypes about the other group, thus reducing stereotypes and prejudice

90
Q

What is sustained contact?

A

ongoing, close contact

91
Q

What is mutual interdependence?

A

when two different groups have contact with each other that make them dependent on each other

92
Q

What does mutual interdependence achieve?

A

high likelihood that rivalry and negative stereotypes will be broken, thus reducing prejudice

93
Q

What were the 3 phases of the robber’s cave experiment?

A
  • promote ingroup cohesion
  • intergroup competitions
  • intergroup cooperation
94
Q

What is a superordinate goal?

A

a goal that cannot be achieved by any one group and overrides other existing goals each group might have

95
Q

Why is equality of status important for the contact hypothesis/intergroup contact

A

if one group has more power or influence over the other they may begin to treat each other differently, thus not reducing prejudice

96
Q

What are the 3 cognitive intervention steps?

A
  • consciously deciding the attitude is wrong and reject it
  • make the new beliefs an important part of themselves
  • learn to suppress and replace
97
Q

What is cognitive intervention?

A

changing the way someone thinks about prejudice

98
Q

What is a social group?

A

any collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose

99
Q

What is culture?

A

a way of life of a particular society or community that is passed on to future generations and are the basis for everyday behaviours and practises

100
Q

What are 6 examples of culture?

A

language, customs, beliefs, values, attitudes and norms

101
Q

What is social influence?

A

the effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or imagines on the way people think, feel and behave

102
Q

What is status?

A

the importance of an individuals position in a group as perceived by members of the group

103
Q

What is power?

A

an individuals ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of another person

104
Q

What are the 6 types of power?

A

RRELIC

Referent, Reward, Expert, Legitimate, Informational and Coercive

105
Q

What is referent power?

A

a person individuals identify with or want to be liked by this person

106
Q

What is reward power?

A

person who is able to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences

107
Q

What is expert power?

A

person who has special knowledge and skills that are desirable

108
Q

What is legitimate power?

A

person who has the authority to exercise consequence over those with lower power

109
Q

What is informational power?

A

person who has resources or information that is useful and not available any where else

110
Q

What is coercive power?

A

person who is able to give negative consequence or remove positive consequence

111
Q

What are roles?

A

a behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way in which they function or act in different situations or life

112
Q

Are roles temporary or permanent?

A

both

113
Q

What is role expectation?

A

the expectation that an individual will act in a way consistent with their role

114
Q

What is the affect of roles on a person?

A

strong influence on behaviour and increase in power and status

115
Q

What is an aggregation?

A

a collection of people in one location who have no social structure or organisation

116
Q

What is obedience?

A

when we follow the commands of someone with authority

117
Q

What is compliance?

A

changing behaviour in response to a request

118
Q

What is conformity?

A

the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual, group or with social norms

119
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect obedience?

A

social proximity, legitimacy of authority figures and group pressure

120
Q

What is social proximity?

A

the closer the authority figure the more obedient

121
Q

What is legitimacy of authority figures?

A

the more the individual believes they are offical the more obedient they are

122
Q

What is group pressure?

A

the more people and authority figures there are the more obedient

123
Q

What are the 7 factors that influence comformity?

A

DINGUS C

deindividualisation, informational influence, normative influence, group size, unanimity, social loafing and culture

124
Q

How does deindividualisation affect conformity?

A

being deindividualised increases the chances for the individual to conform

125
Q

How does informational influence affect conformity?

A

when there is uncertainty in what answer to chose the individual is likely to conform to others for an answer

126
Q

How does normative influence affect conformity?

A

when everyone is doing the same thing the individual is more likely to conform to avoid being singled out and ridiculed

127
Q

How does group size affect conformity?

A

the bigger the group giving the same response the more likely the individual is to conform and doubt themselves

128
Q

How does unanimity affect conformity?

A

when everyone but the individual is in complete agreement the more likely the individual is to conform and doubt themselves

129
Q

How does social loafing affect conformity?

A

the tendency for someone to put in less effort in a group making them conform

130
Q

How does culture affect conformity?

A

individualist cultures tend to have lower levels of conformity

131
Q

What are the two different types of obedience?

A

constructive and destructive

132
Q

What is constructive obedience?

A

when there is a compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a positive outcome

133
Q

What is destructive obedience?

A

when there is a compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a negative outcome

134
Q

What are the positive influences of television and movies?

A

-increases general knowledge
- enhances information processing skills
- teaches children positive concepts

135
Q

What are negative influences of television and movies?

A
  • unrealistic views
  • violence
136
Q

What are the positive influences of video games?

A
  • educational
  • develops fine motor skills
137
Q

What are the negative influences of video games?

A
  • violence
  • addiction
  • controlling behaviour
138
Q

What are the positive influences of social media?

A

-access to new and current information

139
Q

What are the negative influences of social media?

A

addictive
unrealistic

140
Q

What are the positive influences of advertising?

A

helpful information to help protect/reduce harm

141
Q

What are the negative influences of advertising?

A

misleading

142
Q

What is social connection?

A

the network of people available to someone for support and engagement

143
Q

What is FOMO?

A

fear of missing out

144
Q

How does FOMO affect our social connections?

A

increases our desire to stay connected which can be taxing on our mental health

145
Q

What is JOMO?

A

Joy of missing out

146
Q

How does JOMO affect social connections?

A

focuses on finding comfort in what you are already doing and not worry about what you are missing out on

147
Q

What is social comparison?

A

the natural tendency for humans to look to those around them to either evaluate their situation, own ability or self worth

148
Q

What is independence?

A

being free from the control or influence of others

149
Q

What is anticomformity?

A

the active resistance to expectations for an individual’s behaviour accompanied by the purposeful expression of attitude and behaviours that challenge these social norms

150
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence anticonformity?

A

RAID
- reactance
- ally effect
- individuation
- desire for change

151
Q

What is desire for change in terms of anticonformity?

A

when people hold the belief that something is unfair, unethical or incorrect it can encourage individuals to bring about change

152
Q

What is reactance?

A

a state of distress or resistance caused by desire to regain personal freedom

153
Q

What is individuation?

A

when an individual’s identity and contributions to a group are noticeable

154
Q

What is the ally affect?

A

the presence of an ally that doesn’t accept the majority view can provide social support and strengthen anti conformity

155
Q

What is groupthink?

A

a way of thinking by individual members of a group characterised by a strong tendency to seek agreement when decision making or problem solving, thus overriding any realistic consideration or alternatives

156
Q

What 5 conditions increase the chances of groupthink?

A

HILUS

  • high level of cohesiveness
  • isolated
  • lacks procedure
  • under stress
  • strong leader
157
Q

What is group polarisation?

A

the tendency of an individual group member to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position thus the group as a whole tends to respond in more extreme ways than one would expect

158
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

reduced self-consciousness, inhibition, feelings of personal responsibility and inner restraint that can occur when in a group or crowd

159
Q

What are the 5 ethical conecpts?

A

Brin/j

  • beneficence
  • respect
  • integrity
  • non-maleficence
  • justice
160
Q

What is beneficence?

A

the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks and harms

161
Q

What it respect?

A

recognising that all individuals both human and non-human have value and importance

162
Q

What is integrity?

A

commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding and being honest about all information sources and results

163
Q

What in non-maleficence?

A

avoiding the causes of harm and if harm is involved the benefits should outweigh the harm

164
Q

What is justice?

A

there is a fair consideration that doesn’t burden any particular group and that there is fair access to the benefits

165
Q

What are the 6 ethical guidelines?

A

WUD CIV?

  • Withdrawal rights
  • Use of deception
  • Debriefing
  • Confidentiality
  • Informed consent
  • Voluntary participation
166
Q

What are withdrawal rights?

A

a participant must be able to discontinue their involvement in an experiment at any time without consequences

can be after

167
Q

What is use of deception?

A

deception is only used when participants knowing the true purpose may affect their behaviour

168
Q

What is debriefing?

A

at the end of the experiment the participant leaves understanding the experimental aim, results and conclusions

169
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

the privacy and protection of a participants personal details unless consent has been obtained

170
Q

What is informed consent?

A

all participants understand the nature and purpose of experiment, including risk before agreeing to participate

171
Q

What is voluntary participation?

A

there is no pressure to partake in the experiment and the participant can freely chose to be involved or not

172
Q

Who conducted the blue eyes vs brown eyes experiment

A

Jane Elliot

173
Q

What did the blue eyes vs brown eyes experiment study?

A

prejudice, discrimination, stereo typing ingroups and outgroups

174
Q

Who conducted the robbers cave experiment?

A

Muzafer Sherif

175
Q

What did the robbers cave experiment study?

A

prejudice, stereotypes, ingroups and outgroups

176
Q

Who conducted the prison experiment?

A

philip zimbardo

177
Q

What did the prison experiment study?

A

roles, status and power

178
Q

Who conducted the electric shock experiment?

A

milgram

179
Q

What did the electric shock experiment study?

A

obedience

180
Q

What did Asch’s experiments study?

A

group pressure and conformity

Year 10 (15 decks)

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