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Year 10 > PE BONES > Flashcards

PE BONES Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones does the human baby have?

A

300

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2
Q

How many bones do you have in adulthood?

A

206

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3
Q

Why do you have less bones when you grow up?

A

bones fuse, harden and grow

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4
Q

Why do bones harden?

A

ossification

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5
Q

How do bones vary?

A

shape and size

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6
Q

What are bones composed of?

A

living tissues are constantly broken down

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7
Q

What is the outer layer of a bone?

A
  • periosteum
  • covered in blood vessel and nerves
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8
Q

What is the inner part of a bone?

A
  • medullary cavity
  • filled with bone marrow
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9
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support (bodys framework)
  • protection (protects vital organs)
  • movement (works with muscles to move)
  • storage (stores minerals)
  • blood cell production (bone marrow makes blood cells)
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10
Q

What does the axial skeleton include?

A

middle and head

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11
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton do?

A

arms and legs

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12
Q

What bones are in the toes?

A

tarsal bones

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13
Q

What 2 bones are in the lower leg?

A

tibia and fibula

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14
Q

What us the hip bone?

A

pubis

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15
Q

What are the finger bones?

A

metacarpals

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16
Q

What are the two bones in the lower arm?

A

radius and ulna

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17
Q

What is the bone in the upper arm?

A

humerus

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18
Q

What is the shoulder bone?

A

scapula

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19
Q

What is the spine bone?

A

vertebral column

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20
Q

What is the 2 chest bones called?

A

rib cage - edges
sternum - centre

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21
Q

What are the 2 head bones?

A

skull - top head
mandible - jaw

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22
Q

What are the 5 parts of vertebral column from top to bottom?

A

UN-FUSED
- cervical 7
- thoracic 12
- lumbar 5
FUSED
- sacrum 5
- coccyx 4

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23
Q

How bones bones are in the vertebral column?

A

33

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24
Q

What are the 5 different bone types?

A
  • flat
  • long
  • irregular
  • short
  • sesamoid
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25
Q

What are flat bones?

A
  • thin, flat and generally curved
  • protection for organs and muscle attachments sites
  • scapula, skull and sternum
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26
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

scapula, skull and sternum

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27
Q

What are long bones?

A
  • long with tubular shape
  • supporting body weight
  • femur, humerus and tibia
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28
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A

femur, humerus and tibia

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29
Q

What are irregular bones?

A
  • complex shape
  • provide support and protection
  • vertebre and mandible
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30
Q

What are example of irregular bones?

A

vertebra and mandible

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31
Q

What are short bones?

A
  • roughly cube shaped
  • stability, support and movement
  • carpals and tarsals
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32
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

carpals and tarsals

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33
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A
  • small and round
  • found within tendons
  • protect tendon
  • patella and pisiform bone
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34
Q

What are examples sesamoid bones?

A

patella and pisiform bone

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35
Q

What is cartilage?

A
  • connective tissue
  • cushions between bones of a joint
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36
Q

What are ligaments?

A
  • tough fibrous tissues
  • bone to bone
  • stability
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37
Q

What are tendons?

A
  • muscle to bone
  • movement
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38
Q

What are the 3 Types of joints

A

FCs

Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

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39
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • connected by fibrous tissue
  • no movement
  • bone + skull
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40
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A
  • connected by cartilage
  • limited movement
  • vertebrae + spine
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41
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  • common
  • synovial cavity (synovial fluid helps reduce friction)
  • free movement
  • 6 types
42
Q

What the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  • Ball and socket joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Pivot joint
  • Gliding joint
  • Saddle joint
  • Condyloid joint
43
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A
  • extensive movement
  • hip + shoulder
44
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A
  • one direction only
  • flexion and extension
  • elbow + knee
45
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A
  • rotational movement on a central axis
  • neck
46
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A
  • allows bones to slide past each other
  • limited movement
  • wrist + ankle
47
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A
  • only found thumb
  • allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
48
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A
  • shallow ball + socket
  • radius and carpal joint
49
Q

What are anatomical movements?

A

when there is a change in position in one or more joints.

50
Q

What does superior mean?

A

closer to head

51
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

lower to ground

52
Q

What does anterior/ventral mean?

A

close to front of body

53
Q

What does posterior/dorsal mean?

A

close to back/rear of body

54
Q

What does medial mean?

A

towards middle/centre

55
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

towards side of body

56
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

close to a point of reference

57
Q

What does distal mean?

A

far from centre

58
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

on surface or shallow

59
Q

What does deep mean?

A

extending far down from top

60
Q

What does palmar mean?

A

the side of hand that palm is on

61
Q

What does plantar mean?

A

relating to sole of foot??

62
Q

What is extension?

A
  • movement that increases angle
  • obtusifing
63
Q

What is flexion?

A
  • movement that decreases angle
  • detusinfing
64
Q

What is adduction?

A

move body part toward centre

65
Q

What is abduction?

A

move body part away from centre

66
Q

What is supination?

A

turing palm upward

67
Q

What is pronation?

A

turning palm downward

68
Q

What is inversion?

A

sole of foot towards mindline

69
Q

What is eversion?

A

sole of foot away from midline

70
Q

What is dorsi-flexion?

A

lift foot up

71
Q

What is plantar-flexion?

A

point feet down

72
Q

What are muscles responsible for?

73
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscles?

A
  • skeletal (voluntary movement)
  • smooth (involuntary movement)
  • cardiac (involuntary movement heart)
74
Q

What are muscles made of?

A

muscle fibres

75
Q

What are muscle fibres?

A

long, slender cells that specialise in contraction

76
Q

What do muscle fibres contain?

A
  • myofibrils
  • made of two proteins (actin + myosin)
77
Q

What happens to the myofibrils (actin and myosin) when a muscle is stimulated?

A
  • actin and myosin filaments slide past each other causes muscle fibres to contract
78
Q

What is the start, middle and end of a muscle called?

A
  • epimysium
  • perimysium
  • muscle fibre
79
Q

What are smooth muscles?

A
  • line walls of hollow organs
  • involuntary
  • contract in slow rhythmic patterns
80
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A
  • found in heart
  • intertwined fibres assist with forcing blood in arteries
  • involuntary
81
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A
  • attached to bones by tendons
  • create voluntary movement
  • agonist contracts and antagonist relaxes to create movement
82
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A
  • one muscles contracts (agonist)
  • one muscle relaxes (antagonist)
  • creates movement
83
Q

Whats the muscle fibre order from biggest to smallest?

A
  • muscle fibre
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • myofibril
  • sarcomere
  • actin and myosin
84
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibres?

A

slow twitch and fast twitch

85
Q

What are slow twitch fibres?

A
  • red
  • aerobic + endurance
  • high capillary density
  • more mitochondria and oxidative enzymes
  • higher triglyceride stores
  • use higher oxygen volumes
  • slower fatigue rates
86
Q

What are fast twitch fibres?

A
  • white
  • speed + power
  • more phosphocreatine, glycogen and glycolytic enzymes
  • makes energy faster
  • 2 sub groups IIA and IIB
87
Q

What are the two different types of fast twitch fibres?

A
  • Type IIA (partially aerobic)
  • Type IIB (purely anaerobic)
88
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

with the presence of oxygen

89
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

cell organelle that makes energy for chemical reactions

90
Q

What are oxidative enzymes?

A

enzymes that catalyse a oxidation reaction

91
Q

What are triglyceride stores?

A

used for store excess triglycerides to make energy

92
Q

What is capillary density?

A

number capillaries in a cross section

93
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

organic compound of creatine and phosphoric acid found in muscle vertebrates

94
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a form of glucose and main source of energy in muscles

95
Q

What are glycolytic enzymes?

A

enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of glucose

96
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

without presence of oxygen

97
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular contractions?

A
  • Isoinertial
  • Isometric
  • Isokinetic
98
Q

What are isoinertial contractions?

A
  • change in length
  • under constant load
99
Q

What are isometric contractions?

A
  • doesn’t change in length
100
Q

What are isokinetic contractions?

A
  • constant force throughout whole range of motion
  • only on machines

Year 10 (15 decks)

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