PSYCH STUDY PERCEPTUION TEST Flashcards
Define Attention
the process of focusing on specific stimuli or aspects of the sensory environment whilst ignoring and excluding others.
What are the 3 types of attention?
Sustained, Divided and Selective
What is sustained attention?
the maintenance of attention on a specific stimulus or task for a continuous period of time without being distracted.
What is divided attention?
the ability to distribute our attention so two or more activities may be performed simultaneously. Can use more than one sense.
What is selective attention?
choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst excluding other stimuli.
define the stroop effect
the delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli.
Define congruent stimuli
compatiable stimuli
Define incongruent stimuli
incompatiable stimuli
why does the stroop effect occur?
Speed of processing or selective attention theory.
define the speed of processing theory
reading words process faster than listening and hearing sounds
define the selective attention theory
listening and processing sounds takes more attention than reading words.
sensation
process of capturing stimuli from environment by our senses
perception
the process of interpreting and giving meaning to sensory information
What are the 3 stages of sensation?
RTT
reception, transduction and transmission
Define the reception stage
the process in which our sense organs first receive information about the stimulus in the environment
Define the transduction stage
the process in which raw sensory data is received by sense organs and converted into a neural message
Define the transmission stage
the process of sending the neural messages to areas of the brain to process the sensory information
Define Top-Down Processing
a perceptual process that starts with the bigger picture and then works down to the smaller details
Define Bottom-up Processing
a perceptual process that starts with raw sensory info that is sent to the brain to be put together to make the bigger picture.
What are the 3 perception stages
SOI
selection, organisation and interpretation
Define the selection stage
detecting and filtering neural impulses.
Define the Organisation Stage
grouping elements to form a meaning whole and attempting to identify objects based on past experiences.
Define the interpretaion Stage
incoming sensory information is given meaning.
Define Depth Perception
the ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions
bi
Define Convergence
depth and distance interpreted from changes in the eye muscles tension that occurs when objects are too close
bi
define retinal disparity
the difference between the visual images cast on the retina of each eye due to the different angle
accommodation
the automatic adjustment of the shape of the lens to focus an object in response to changes in the objects distance.
linear perspective
the apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance
interposition
OVERLAP
texture gradient
if its too far it gets blurry
relative size
if an object is large its close and if it is small its far
height in visual field
objects close to horizon are far and objects far from horizon are close
figure ground
divides a visual stimulus into a figure which stand out from all other visual information (background)
contour
the line between the figure and ground
closure
mentally closes images
ignoring gaps
similarity
look the same part of the same
proximity
close? part of the same group
5 Influences to perceptual set
past experiences
memory
emotional state
context
motivation
perceptual set
a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way
social factors
influences from external envionment
culture
define pictorial depth cues
a two dimension picture in which three dimensions inferences can be made
What are the 5 tastes
Salty, Bitter, Sweet, Sour, Umami (savoury)
6 influences on taste perception
CAP GAF
culture
age
perceptual set
genetics
appearance
food packaging
define super taster
person who tastes certain flavors and foods more strongly than other people
define perceptual distortion
an inconsistency between a perceptual experience and physical reality
define visual illusion
a misperception of external visual stimuli
define agnosia
loss or impairment of the ability to identify objects, people, sounds or other sensory stimuli.
define miraculin
berry that attaches to sour acids and makes them sweet
synaesthesia
when 2 sensory systems cross over in an abnormal and involuntary way.
spatial neglect
fail to notice anything on left or right side of brain
What are the 4 gestalt principals?
- Figure ground
- closure
- proximity
- similarity
What is an example of a biological visual perception factor?
Depth cues
What are examples of psychological visual perception factors?
gestalt principals and perceptual set
What is an example of a social visual perception factor?
culture
What is are examples of biological gustatory perception factors?
genetics and age
What is are examples of psychological gustatory perception factors?
memory and food packaging/appearance
What is an example of a social gustatory perception factor?
culture
What is the muller-lyer illusion?
- two identical vertical lines, one has outward arrows at the end and one has inward arrows
- The line with the arrow looks longer due to the carpeting hypothesis
What is the carpeting hypothesis?
the illusion occurs due to the similarity of familiar architechtural features in the 3D world
What is the ames room illusion?
- a trapezium shaped room that is longer and higher on one side than the other
- when viewed through a peep hole it appears as a standard rectangle
- people on the taller side look abnormally shorter than people on the regular side
What are the causes of agnosia?
suddenly - traumatic brain injury
gradually - brain tumour or toxin
What gets damaged for agnosia to occur?
damage along neural pathways that process perceptual information
How do you treat agnosia?
rehabilitation (helping cope and adapt to condition)
What main 3 things help with the judgement of flavours?
- perceputal set
- colour intensity
- texture
In what 2 ways does texture influence judgement of flavour?
surface area and time spent in mouth
What causes synaeshesia?
excess of neural connections that should have been pruned or hyper excitable/ extra sensitive to external stimuli
