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PSGY1005 Addiction and the Brain > susceptibility models > Flashcards

susceptibility models Flashcards

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1
Q

what are susceptibility models also referred to?

A

vulnerability or adaptive models

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2
Q

how do susceptibility models explain addiction?

A
  • model places emphasis on individual
  • suggests certain individuals are more at risk of becoming addicted
  • due to individual having a vulnerability or addictive personality
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3
Q

what is the peak age for self-reported drug use?

A
  • 18-20 years
  • most commonly cannabis/marijuana
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4
Q

what does Anthony et al. (1994) findings show about the transition to drug abuse?

A
  • transition is variable
  • the % of exposed users is not a good predictor of the % becoming dependent
  • transition to addiction is higher in some drugs than others
  • e.g.: 32% of those exposed to nicotine become addicted but only 23% of those exposed to heroin become addicted
  • suggests nicotine is more addictive than heroin
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5
Q

what factors influence susceptibility to addiction?
demographic factors

A
  • prevalence of drug use in local area
  • neighbourhood (crime rate, population)
  • parental socioeconomic status
  • criminality in family
  • broken home
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6
Q

what factors influence susceptibility to addiction?
psychosocial factors

A
  • mental health of parents
  • poor parenting style (abusive, authoritative, inconsistent etc.)
  • failure at school
  • peer group social norms
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7
Q

Outline Tarter et al. (2003) study into psychosocial factors and drug use

A
  • longitudinal study
  • studies 12 y/o ‘high risk’ children of drug/alcohol dependent parents
  • took measures of personality, temperament and cognitive capabilities
  • compared high risk children to low risk children
  • children were assessed again at age 16 and 19, including for drug use
  • identified ‘neuro-behavioural dysregulation’ as greater in the high risk than low risk group
  • this factor predicted the transition to drug use
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8
Q

what is ‘neurobehavioral dysregulation’? (Tarter et al., 2003)

A

classified as:
- difficult temperament (inflexible, distractible)
- conduct disorder
- oppositional defiant disorder
- ADHD
- depression
- disruptive behaviour
- measures of executive cognitive function

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9
Q

what did Tarter et al. (2003) conclude?

A
  • those at risk of drug abuse show disorganised behaviour
  • possibly stemming from an abnormality in frontal cortex that causes poor decision making
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10
Q

Explain the case study of Phineas Gage
(Harlow, 1868)

A
  • suffered severe frontal lesion from iron bar going through FC
  • after incident his personality changed in a negative way
  • had poor decision making and planning abilities after injury
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11
Q

what is the frontal region of the brain known to be involved in?

A

conscious decision making

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12
Q

what is the Iowa gambling task?

A
  • ppt presented with 4 virtual deck of cards on computer screen
  • goal = to win money
  • ppts told all cards results in some level of reward
  • occasionally choosing some cards causes ppt to lose some money
  • rewards are rigged

REWARDS
- $100 on average for choosing cards from decks A and B
- $50 on average for choosing cards from decks C and D
LOSSES
- deck A and deck B have total losses of $1250
- deck C and deck D have total losses of $250

  • normally ppts work out that A and B are bad decks as they lead to long term loss
  • C and D are good decks as they lead to long term gains
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13
Q

what does Bechara et al. (2000) show about decision making and a damaged frontal cortex

A
  • conducted neuroimaging studies of decision making using Iowa gambling task
  • task used to model real-life decision making
  • frontal cortex usually involved in decision making tasks
  • found that patients with lesions to frontal cortex were worse at Iowa gambling task than normal
  • because they opt for high immediate gains despite higher future losses
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14
Q

According to Deakin et al. (2004) what contributes to increased risk taking in younger groups?

A
  • late maturation of the frontal cortex
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15
Q

Why does the late maturation of the brain cause a problem for drug addiction?

A
  • illicit drug use usually starts in adolescence
  • peaks at 18-20 years old
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16
Q

what did Goudriaan et al. (2007) show with regards to susceptibility to risky decision making with lesions to frontal cortex?

A
  • used the Iowa gambling task
  • perseveration in selecting the high reward decks (despite the bigger future loss) is shown in a number of groups:

Those with:
- frontal lesions
- adolescence
- conduct disorder
- ADHD
- schizophrenia
- Drug users of all classes

17
Q

what behaviour is seen in young children before any drug use?

A
  • risky decision making
18
Q

what effect does risky decision mean for drug use?

A
  • helps predict the onset and magnitude of drug use
  • suggests a susceptibility factor for becoming a drug user (Tarter et al., 2003)
19
Q

what effect does prolonged drug use have on a user?

A
  • damage to frontal cortex
  • causing further deficits in decision making
  • causing prolonged drug use
  • sets up a vicious circle where existing frontal lobe deficits are worsened by drug use
20
Q

what 3 abnormalities in decision making contribute to drug use?

A
  1. reward hypersensitivity
  2. punishment insensitivity
  3. faulty error detection
21
Q

explain reward hypersensitivity

A
  • midbrain dopamine cells increase in activity
  • occurs when humans or animals consume natural rewards (food, water, sex)
  • or drugs of abuse (nicotine, cocaine, heroin)
  • suggests that drugs of abuse hijack brain substrates for reward/pleasure
  • therefore, consumed because drug taking = positively reinforced
22
Q

explain reward hyposensitivity

A
  • suggested to be the maintenance of drug use
23
Q

outline Kenney et al. (2006) study on rats and exposure to heroin

A
  • rats exposed to heroin
  • after being exposed chronically, rats showed an increased threshold in their brain dopamine reward system
  • as rats needed more stimulation to achieve the desired effect, this suggests chronic drug use associated with a decrease in reward sensitivity (anhedonia)
  • anhedonia motivated drug use as drugs improve mood through negative reinforcement
24
Q

explain punishment insensitivity

A

where drug addict persistently uses drugs despite knowing the likely harms it would cause

addicts are insensitive to the punishing consequences of their actions

25
Q

outline Deroshe-Gamonet et al. (2004) animal study on punishment insensitivity

A
  • trained rats to self-administer cocaine at stable response rate
  • then had 30 day ‘time out’ period
  • rats then presented with cue previously paired with cocaine
  • this reinstated responding showing a rat model of tendency to relapse
  • there were two experimental groups
  • one experimental group = ‘addicted’ - high reinstatement
  • other experimental group = ‘casual’ - low reinstatement
  • then there was a punishment test
  • high vs low reinstatement groups could self-administer cocaine
  • doing this resulted in foot shock as punishment for taking drug
26
Q

outline Deroshe-Gamonet et al. (2004) animal study on punishment insensitivity findings

A
  • found that the ‘addicted’ showed smaller reduction in punished cocaine seeking behaviour than ‘casual’ group
  • suggests that vulnerability to drug addiction is associated with reduced sensitivity to the negative consequences of drug taking
27
Q

outline faulty error detection

A

this is where addicts have full knowledge of negative consequences of drug taking but not able to use knowledge to correct behaviour

28
Q

how is faulty error detection measured?

A

using Event Related Potential’s

29
Q

what are ERP’s?

A

refers to way normal electrical activity of the brain change in response to external stimulus/event

30
Q

outline Franken et al. (2007) study into error detection in cocaine addicts

A
  • investigated whether cocaine addicts have abnormality in their brain to incorrect behavioural responses (errors)
  • experimental trials = letter strings presented on computer screen for 52 ms
  • ppts had to press right if central letter was H
  • press left key if central letter was S
  • press key in under 700 ms
  • experimental procedure results in many errors
  • feedback given after response
31
Q

outline Franken et al. (2007) study into error detection in cocaine addicts findings

A
  • found that cocaine addicts showed:
  • reduced frontal negativity in response to errors
  • suggesting reduced neural sensitivity to errors
  • less post-error improvement
  • findings suggest that addicts have less knowledge of negative consequences of their behaviour
  • therefore less ability to use this knowledge to modify their behaviour
31
Q

outline Franken et al. (2007) study into error detection in cocaine addicts findings

A
  • found that cocaine addicts showed:
  • reduced frontal negativity in response to errors
  • suggesting reduced neural sensitivity to errors
  • less post-error improvement
  • findings suggest that addicts have less knowledge of negative consequences of their behaviour
  • therefore less ability to use this knowledge to modify their behaviour

PSGY1005 Addiction and the Brain (18 decks)

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