nicotine 1 Flashcards
how much money is spent per year on treating tobacco-related illness
£1.7 billion
identify organs effected by tobacco
- brain
- heart
- liver
- kidneys
what does the enzyme MAO-B do?
- enzyme that breaks down dopamine
what is the effect of tobacco on the MAO-B enzyme?
- tobacco greatly reduces MAO-B enzyme activity
- when activity of this enzyme is reduced activity of dopamine and noradrenaline increases
- thought to increase addictive nature of nicotine
what is nicotine?
- active ingredient in tobacco (tobacco = plant, nicotine = chemical found in plant)
- responsible for addictive potential
- functions as anti-herbivore chemical (to deter insects)
- herbal drug
identify another use of nicotine
insecticide
identify different ways of nicotine entering the body
- chewing tobacco leaves
- making tobacco tea
- dry smoking the leaves
what is required for nicotine to be absorbed across lung alveoli?
- the acidity of environment needs to be suitable for absorption
- this is achieved with tar molecules that is in tobacco
identify a difficulty that the nicotine replacement industry has faced
- difficulty = replicating the fast, spiked absorption of cigarettes
identify 3 models of addiction for nicotine
1/ susceptibility and exposure model
2/ withdrawal model
3/ DA-mediated incentive effects
define tolerance
- when taking the same dose of a drug doesn’t have the same effect it once did when initially started with that drug
- an increase in dose of drug is needed to have effect it once did
define withdrawal
a syndrome that occurs after having stopped prolonged, heavy consumption of drug
symptoms include:
- nausea, insomnia, mood alterations, anxiety
define escalation of dose
- where individual experiences period of using drug more than they intended to
define difficulty cutting down
where individual experiences wanting to stop or cut down drug use more than once
define reduce other activities
where individual cuts down or gives up on activities that they were once interested in due to drug not being permitted at that activity
define use despite problems
where individual continues to use drug despite causing health problems or making health problems worse
do all smokers become dependent?
no
what percentage of those who smoke become dependent, based on research by Anthony et al. (1994)?
32% exposed to tobacco become dependent
what does data from Anthony et al. (1994) show about nicotine dependence?
- of 75.6% exposed to nicotine, 31.9% become dependent
- nicotine in tobacco is more addictive than heroin
(32% became dependent vs 23% becoming dependent on heroin)
what % of smokers meet the DSM criteria for nicotine dependence?
(Donny & Dierker, 2007)
60%
what % of smokers are chippers? (only uses drug recreationally)
(Hyland, 2005)
10%
what does the findings from Donny & Dierker (2007) and Hyland (2005) suggest about nicotine and dependence?
- suggests tobacco dependence is not inevitable consequence of exposure to tobacco
- tobacco dependence = interaction between exposure and individual vulnerability (susceptibility and exposure model)
identify a vulnerability factor of tobacco dependence
age of first exposure
what age is tobacco usage higher in?
- higher in smokers aged 18 - 25 years
