hallucinogens 1 Flashcards
what are hallucinogens?
drugs that induce hallucinations
- induces an altered state of consciousness
- altered state characterised by distortions of perception, hallucinations, visions
- also known as psychedelics (mind revealing)
what are classical hallucinogens?
- psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
- LSD
- agonists at serotonin receptors
- primary effect = altered state of consciousness
what are dissociative anaesthetics?
- synthetic drugs
- such as PCP and ketamine
- produce anaesthesia (loss of all sensation) at higher doses
- alter states of consciousness at lower doses
- induces state of disconnection from environment (loss of time) and body (altered perception of body consistency, out of body experience)
- non-competitive NDMA receptor antagonists
compare classical hallucinogens and dissociative anaesthetics
- researcher had ppts complete questionnaire with 5 primary dimension to measure difference
- oceanic boundlessness - referring to positive experienced loss of ego boundaries
- anxious ego-disintegration - thought disorder and loss of self-control
- visionary restructuralization - referring to alterations of perception
- acoustic alterations - hypersensitivity to sound and auditory hallucinations
- in classical hallucinogens, tend to score higher in visionary restructuralization
- in dissociative anaesthetics, tend to score higher in anxious ego-disintegration
what are hallucinogen effects heavily dependent on?
- user’s expectations (set)
- environment of user (setting)
what did Stanislov Grof (1975) state about LSD and hallucinogenic drugs?
- considers LSD to be powerful drug
- it amplifies biochemical and physiological processes in the brain
what did Barr et al. (1972) state about LSD and hallucinogenic drugs?
- the phenomena induced by LSD cannot be predicted or understood in pharmacological terms
- personality of drug taker plays critical role in determining how much effect there will be
what have natural hallucinogens been used for?
- often used as part of rituals
what was PCP developed as in mid 1950’s?
anaesthetic
what is used as an anaesthetic today in humans?
- synthesised ketamine
what was ketamine approved as a treatment for?
as treatment for depression in the US (2019)
what is Ecstasy?
- MDMA
- amphetamine
- strong effects of serotonin transmission
identify properties of ecstasy
- stimulant properties
- increasing alertness and energy
- increases hallucinogenic-like properties
- increases sociability
- has high oceanic boundlessness
- has low visionary restructualization
- has low ego-dissolution
- weaker alteration of consciousness compared to LSD
what is the proportion of 16-59 year olds using LSD?
0.4%
what is the proportion of 16-59 year olds using magic mushrooms?
0.4%
