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PSGY1005 Addiction and the Brain > cannabis > Flashcards

cannabis Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

what is cannabis produced from?

A

Cannabis Sativa
(Hemp)

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2
Q

what does THC stand for?

A

(delta 9) tetrahydrocannabinol

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3
Q

what is THC?

A

psychoactive agent

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4
Q

what is a psychoactive agent?

A
  • drugs or substances that affects how the brain works
  • causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, behaviour
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5
Q

where can you find THC?

A
  • primarily in sticky resin secreted in flowering tops of female cannabis plans
  • all parts of plant
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6
Q

identify some uses of cannabis

A

used to make:
- rope
- cloth
- paper
- seeds for oil
- birdfeed

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7
Q

what forms can cannabis come in?

A
  • marijuana
  • sinsemilla
  • Hashish (“solid”)
  • Hash oil
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8
Q

describe marijuana

A
  • dried crumbled leaves
  • flowering tops of cannabis plant particularly dried down
  • small stems
  • usually smoked in joints, pipes, bongs
  • THC content varies
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9
Q

explain how a bong works

A
  • have water in bong
  • put weed in the socket/cone
  • finger covers any air holes
  • burn the weed
  • mouth over opening of bong
  • inhale
  • water cools down smoke
  • When you lift finger, you inhale all the smoke that has been accumulating
  • airflow of smoke into lungs
  • exhale
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10
Q

describe sinsemilla

A
  • variant of marijuana
  • treated specially
  • pollination is prevented
  • done by keeping female plant separate
  • preventing pollination increases potency of THC (increasing content of marijuana
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11
Q

describe hashish

A
  • condensed resin from plant
  • potency varies with concentration
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12
Q

describe hash oil

A
  • hashish reduced to alcoholic extract
  • single drop placed into joint
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13
Q

where is cannabis thought to be originated from?

A

China / Asian region

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14
Q

where is Hashish more commonly used?

A

Arab world

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15
Q

how much cannabis does a typical joint contain?

A

0.5 - 1 gram

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16
Q

How much THC is in 1gram of cannabis?

A

40mg (of active substance)

17
Q

what % of original THC is absorbed from lungs into blood plasma?

A

20%

18
Q

Outline Black et al. (1998) study that looks at increasing THC absorption

A
  • instructed ppts to smoke joint and hold breathe for either 7 seconds or 15 seconds
  • ppts that were instructed to hold breathe for 15 seconds reported experiencing an increased high
19
Q

what happens after peak level of THC being absorbed into blood plasma?

A
  • THC concentration falls
  • this is through metabolism in liver and fat storage
20
Q

what happens after peak level of THC being absorbed into blood plasma?

A
  • THC concentration falls
  • this is through metabolism in liver and fat storage
21
Q

what is the half life of THC plasma concentration

A

20 - 30 hours

(half life: time is takes for amount of drugs active substance in body to reduce by half)

22
Q

what did Devane et al. (1988) discover?

A

discovered that you could identify the location of cannabis receptors in the brain

23
Q

how did Devane et al. (1988) go about identifying the location of cannabis receptors in the brain

A
  • looked at scans of rat brains
  • found that cannabis receptors are consistent with behavioural effects
  • receptors cluster around regions that primarily have behavioural effects
24
Q

give examples of where cannabis receptors are located and the behavioural effect that is consistent with cannabis use

A

cluster of receptors in hippocampus
- effects spatial memory

cluster of receptors in the substantia nigra
- indicates cannabis has effects of reward system

25
Q

identify the name of the cannabis receptor

A

CB1 receptor

26
Q

what is the agonist (what increases the activity of the receptor)?

A

THC

27
Q

what is the antagonist (what decreases the activity of the receptor)?

A

SR 141716

28
Q

identify acute behavioural effects of cannabis (Iversen, 2000)

A
  • the “buzz”
  • the “high”
  • being “stoned”
29
Q

explain ‘the “buzz”’

A
  • lasts briefly
    -feelings of light-headedness, dizziness
30
Q

explain ‘the “high”’

A
  • quickly follows ‘the buzz’
  • feelings of euphoria, exhilaration
  • disinhibition to brain system
  • ## disinhibition gives rise to ‘giggles’
31
Q

explain ‘being ‘“stoned”’

A
  • achieved with large amount of marijuana
  • feelings of calm, relaxed, dreamlike
  • sensations of floating, enhanced visual and auditory perception
  • slowing of perception of time
  • changes in sociability (can increase/decrease)
32
Q

what are some psychopathological effects of taking cannabis?

A
  • paranoia
  • anxiety
  • panic
  • more common in first time users OR after taking very high dose
33
Q

identify physiological effects of cannabis

A
  • increased blood flow to skin -> sensation of warmth
  • increase in heart rate -> sensation of a pounding pulse
  • increase in hunger
  • hyperphagia (increase in appetite)
  • palatability (increase in likeness of food)
34
Q

briefly explain how Williams & Kirkham (2002) provide evidence for hyperphagia/increase in appetite/the munchies

A
  • introduced THC
  • reported feelings of hunger
  • found that introducing the antagonist (SR141716) suppressed feelings of hunger
  • palatability also increases in rats upon administering THC
35
Q

Outline Huestis et al. (2001) study into antagonistic effects
(effects of marijuana when antagonist is administered)

A
  • had ppts smoke joint containing 2.46% THC
  • one group administered with CB1 antagonist - SR 141716
  • other group administered a placebo
  • collected self-report
  • had ppts record their responses
  • ppts in placebo group reported feeling more high than those in antagonist group
  • same with feeling stones and heart rate
36
Q

outline Agurell et al (1986) study into administration effects
(effects of marijuana depending on how it is consumed)

A
  • compared blood plasma level of THC following smoking a joint vs oral consumption
  • when smoking joint, THC goes through lungs and into blood plasma
  • when ingesting marijuana, THC goes through digestive tract, then metabolised in liver
  • found that in smoking marijuana, THC levels in blood plasma are high but drop off quickly
  • found that in orally digesting marijuana, THC levels are higher in concentration and last longer
37
Q

Outline Curran et al (2002) study into oral THC administration on verbal memory

A
  • administered ppts with either a placebo, 7.5mg THC and 15mg THC
  • found that relatively low dose has few effect on verbal memory
  • high dose of cannabis greatly impairs verbal memory
  • however, effect of cannabis is reduced in long term users
  • low doses = few effects on cognitive function UNLESS task is demanding
38
Q

outline 2 studies that show the effects of administering antagonist

A

Richardson et al (1988)
- found SR 141716 induces hyperalgesia (increase in pain sensitivity)
- administering cannabis reverses this

Black (2004)
- found SR 141716 reduces food consumption
- administering cannabis increases food consumption

PSGY1005 Addiction and the Brain (18 decks)

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