nicotine 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

identify a way of collecting systematic evidence on the role smoking cues have in motivating drug seeking/taking

A

diary studies

  • paper or digital
  • used to record triggers for smoking behaviour
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2
Q

according to Shiffman (1996), where did almost 100% of relapses occur?

A
  • when cigarettes were available
  • when smoking was allowed
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3
Q

what does the data from Shiffman (1996) suggest about situational cues?

A

suggests situational cues for drug availability/acceptability play critical role in maintaining drug use

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4
Q

explain what the reinforcement model is

A
  • suggests that through associative learning, drug associated cues and contexts have the capacity to motivate drug seeking behaviour

example:
- drug associated cues and contexts: sight/smell of tobacco smoke
- drug seeking and taking behaviour: buying cigarettes, lighting up

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5
Q

explain Pavlovian conditioning

A
  • using an unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response
  • then pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus to produce no response at first
  • overtime, unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus
  • conditioned stimulus produces conditioned response
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6
Q

what does the stimulus-response habit theory say about the drug addicts?

A

drug addicts behaviour = automatically controlled by external cues with no thoughts for consequences (done unconsciously)

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7
Q

explain the stimulus-response habit theory for smoking

A
  • theory suggests smoking = behaviour is as a result of learned habits
  • habits formed through repeated association of smoking with certain stimuli (i.e.: stress, boredom, social situations)
  • smoking becomes habit when brain links behaviour with rewarding effects of nicotine
  • creates cycle of cue, craving and reward (response)
  • theory suggests seeing environmental cues or triggers (i.e.: cig packet, social setting with other smokers) automatically triggers urge to smoke
  • overtime habit = unconscious and automatic
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8
Q

what occurs at a neural level, according to the stimulus-response habit theory?

A
  • drug-induced dopamine activity reinforces synaptic connection between drug cues and drug-seeking response
  • as a consequence of change in synaptic strength, drug cues elicit drug-seeking response directly
  • association made between drug-dopamine activity and drug-related stimulus
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9
Q

identify problem for the habit theory

A

cravings

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10
Q

how does cravings pose as an problem for the habit theory?

A
  • relapse and drug use often accompanied by urge/craving to smoke
  • cravings can be accompanied by mental image of drug
  • most addicts report their drug seeking behaviour = undertaken intentionally
  • contrasts the role of the conscious decision in the control of drug seeking behaviour
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11
Q

outline the cognitive model of drug use
(Tiffany, 1990)

A
  • proposes idea that addictive behaviour = sometimes intentional
  • intentional means: controlled by mental image, craving for drug
  • addictive behaviour sometimes controlled automatically (like S-R habits)
  • on cognitive model, drug users can switch between intentional and atomatic modes of behavioural control
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12
Q

if drug seeking was intentional, what correlation between craving and drug use behaviour would be expected?

A

perfect correlation

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13
Q

identify a key factor into maintaining nicotine addiction and why

A
  • devaluation = key factor
  • devaluation creates cycle of dependence, withdrawal and reinforcement
  • smoker tries to quit smoking -> experiences withdrawal -> more likely to seek out nicotine to alleviate discomfort -> start smoking again
  • each time individual smokes, value of cigarette decreases
  • leads to increase in nicotine intake, furthering addiction
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14
Q

define devaluation in regards to smoking and nicotine addiction (Dickinson, 1985)

A
  • process where perceived value or subjective reward of cigarette decreases as person becomes more addicted to nicotine
  • means pleasurable effects of smoking become less intense and less satisfying as addiction grows overtime
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15
Q

outline Dickinson (1985) rat study and findings into devaluation

A
  • conducted animal study on rats
  • rats = trained to make lever press responses for food pellets
  • in separate environment, food pellets were there for rats to consume until they were full (this reduces food value, food = devalued)
  • then rats are given opportunity to press food level until infinitely (until no more food pellets left available)

FINDINGS
- found devaluation is demonstrated when rats showed reduced lever pressing

  • reduced lever pressing for food pellets suggests behaviour = controlled by what the outcome of that behaviour represents (rat is aware that food is no longer appealing when it is full)
  • after extensive training with pressing the lever -> rats become insensitive to devaluation (i.e.: it does not matter that behaviour is no longer rewarding)
  • suggests behaviour (pressing lever) = automatic, under control of S-T habit
  • rats kept pressing lever even when the outcome of food was no longer desirable (because they were full)
  • applying this to smoking -> person know smoking isn’t rewarding but continues to puff on cigarette out of habit
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16
Q

what does the devaluation procedure demonstrate?
(Dickinson, 1985)

A
  • transition from intentional control to behavioural autonomy (rats making own decision)
  • this happens with practise
17
Q

what were the findings of Dickinson (1985) rat study of devaluation?

A
  • rats showed reduced lever pressing
  • indicating rat has knowledge of the consequences of its behaviour and food is no longer appealing
  • after extensive training lever pressing, rats became insensitive to devaluation
  • suggests behaviour is under control of S-R habit (becomes automatic)
18
Q

how can findings from Dickinson (1985) devaluation be applied to smoking?

A
  • rats became insensitive to devaluation after extensive lever pressing
  • the rats ingrained habit = continuing to seek an outcome which was no longer desirable (continuing to press lever for food pellets, even when already full)
  • applying this to smoking -> person know smoking isn’t rewarding but continues to puff on cigarette out of habit
19
Q

outline Dickinson (2002) study into habit learning with drugs and natural rewards

A
  • studied rats
  • rats learned to press one lever for sucrose
  • rats also learned to press another lever for alcohol
  • one of these rewards was devalued by pairing lithium chloride with reward (this induces sickness)
  • finally, rats were given opportunity to press lever infinitely (until none left)

EXPECTED FINDINGS
- we should find that rats reduce lever pressing for whichever reward has been previously devalued

ACTUAL FINDINGS
- found that lever pressing for sucrose = decreased

  • lever pressing for alcohol did not decrease
  • demonstrated that alcohol seeking had come under control of habit rather than will
  • for alcohol, response was controlled by external stimulus of alcohol lever automatically (without engaging an expectation of consequences for behaviour)
  • demonstrating that habit learning (shown by pressing lever) = quicker for drugs compared to natural reward
20
Q

what does the habit theory suggest about behaviour?

A
  • behaviour = controlled by external cues without thought for consequences
21
Q

what is the incentive salience theory? (Robinson & Berridge, 2003)

A
  • an elaboration on the habit theory
  • proposes that through Pavlovian conditioning, drug cues acquire capacity to capture attention
  • attentional capture engages thought and drug and drug use
  • causes user to initiate drug seeking and taking
22
Q

Outline the Stroop task that looks into attentional bias for drug cues
(Gross et al., 1993)

A
  • naming of ink colour in which a word is printed = faster when congruent
  • naming of ink colour in which a word is printed = slower when incongruent
  • in emotional stroop tasks, variants measure slowed response times when asked to name ink colour
  • the slowing of response times to name ink colour produced by other aspects of word (meaning they relate to specific emotional states)
  • increased response times provides measure of relevance for specific emotional state for that individual brought on by the word meaning
  • emotional stroop task used to measure how response times are slowed by the requirement to name ink colour of drug-related words
23
Q

Outline the Stroop task that looks into attentional bias for drug cues
(Gross et al., 1993)

A
  • naming of ink colour in which a word is printed = faster when congruent
  • naming of ink colour in which a word is printed = slower when incongruent
  • in emotional stroop tasks, variants measure slowed response times when asked to name ink colour
  • the slowing of response times to name ink colour produced by other aspects of word (meaning they relate to specific emotional states)
  • increased response times provides measure of relevance for specific emotional state for that individual brought on by the word meaning
  • emotional stroop task used to measure how response times are slowed by the requirement to name ink colour of drug-related words
24
Q

identify a study that looks into the attentional bias for drug cues
(Jones et al. 2002)

A
  • change detection (like spot-the-difference)
  • change detection is easier for those with drug dependency if difference in images is related to drug use
25
Q

identify a study that looks into the attentional bias for drug cues
(Rosse et al., 1993)

A
  • eye tracking
  • shown that the eye of the addict is drawn to drug-related cues within a scene
26
Q

what correlation has been found between attentional bias and treatment outcome?

A
  • greater stroop attentional bias (slower reaction times) is associated with poorer treatment outcome in those addicted to variety of drugs
27
Q

outline the expectancy theory (Dickinson, 1987)

A
  • suggests that Pavlovian associated stimuli only elicits conditioned responses if they activate a representation or expectation of the outcome
28
Q

Outline ‘expectancy in drug conditioning’ study
(Hogarth et al., 2006)

A
  • studied smokers
  • neutral stimuli = abstract symbolic images that looked like snowflakes and flowers
  • neutral stimuli presented either side of a fixation cross
  • ppts asked to rate their expectancy of winning or losing the outcome (outcome = 1/4 of a cigarette)
  • attention to stimuli = measured using eye tracking
  • other dependent variable = proportion of ppts making the tobacco seeking responses
  • 4 conditions
29
Q

what did Hogarth et al. (2006) data show

A
  • showed that discrimination was learned on all 3 measured
  • ppts showing higher dwell time to stimulus A
  • also showed higher expectancy ratings on A trials and higher proportion of tobacco seeking responses

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