Surveillance (Ana) Flashcards
Aims of surveillance
- predict, observe, minimise harm cause by outbreak, epidemic, pandemic
- ^ knowledge of factors impacting these circumstances
- monitor freedom from dz status
Where does a lot of UK lamb come from?
New Zealand (insufficient grown here, and cheaper)
African swine fever info
- wild boar reservoir
- present in Europe and spreading
Advantages of surveillance at the abbattoir
- early detection of emerging transboundary dz (eg. FMD detected at abbattoir not on farm)
- monitoring and controlling endemic dz
- combine active and passive disease
- access to many farms at one point (cost effective )
- assessment health status animal populations (only certain animal or age groups)
- disease eradication programme
- foodborne pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella pigs) and AMR
- Moniotr wildlife associated disease
- assessment of effectiveness Tx
- ascertain freedom from dz
How do farm and abbattoir communications
> farm - notifiable disease inc zoonoses - vet Tx > abbattoir - FCI - am/pm inspection (notifiable, zoonotic, animal health and welfare, testing - TSEs,residues, contaminants, microbes, AMR eg. Aujeskys, brucellosis) > retail - testing (residues, contaminants,microbes,AMR)
2 reasons for identifying notifiable diseases?
- detecting outbreaks or emerging dz
- TB slaughterhouse from new farms
- bovine brucellosis/swine Aujeskys dz to demonstrate freedom - ID + farms/animals during ongoing dz control
- TB suspect animals, TSEs scrpaie BSE etc.
- for these monitoring is risk based so level of monitoring decreases as risk decreases
Why may the abbattoir be so key with some diseases ?
> only point of surveillance!!
Who is responsible for actions during Anthrax APHA supervision
- local vet inspector (LVI) for anthrax investigation
- FBO for cleaning and disinfecting site
- LVI pending investigation - detain carcass and organs
- FBO disposal of cascass and organs (cat 2 ABP byproduct)
Notifiable diseases at slaughter level
- anthrax
- bovine brucellosis (male breeding bull with ascites, abortions? Maybe)
- EBL enzootic bovine leukosis (any tumour except haemagioma and papilloma)
- TSEs transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
- bovine TB
- warble fly
> animal health act 1981
> regulations under EU communities act
Anthrax
> live animals
- suspect anumals and those in direct contact to be detained, isolated and reported to APHA
sudden death
- any sudden death SHOULD NOT BE OPENEND (risk of formation of highly resistant anthrax spores)
- whole abbattoir closed and cleaned cannot kill more
- recent case 1st since 2006, spontaneous bleeding and sporulation of spores on contact with air)
Bovine brucellosis
- free since 1985 > farms under restriction by APHA certain forms - inconclusive/positive reactors - contact with confirmed cases > instruction s - slaughter separately - sample paired LNs (retropharyngeal, ssupramammary, inguinal) - avoid risk of contamination
EBL - which age group most likely to be affected? Notifiable disease? Where does it usually affect?
- usually affects LNs
- ALL tumours in cattle are notifiable with some exceptions (PAPILLOMA and HAEMANGIOMA)
> report to APHA, sampling by FSA or VO - suspect >24 months (2nd pair incisors erupted) test LNs : slaughter as normal and PME but offal, carcasse, hide and blood must be detained -> category 2 if test positive
- if
Surveillance of bovine TB
> passive compulsory slaughter (TB restricted farms)
- Reactors
- inconclusive reactors
- direct contacts
active slaughterhouse cases (TB status unknown)
- suspect emaciation animals (could be TB or something else maybe Johnes?? echo) - suspect lesions in carcasse or organs at PM
How have TBsuspect cases at slaughter changed over time?
Increase
- suspect cases mirrors positive culture
BSE prevalence change over time. How is it monitored?
- dramatic decrease BUT case confirmed recently in 6yo cow (not sure how it got it - vertical transmission?)
- active surveillance by testing of fallen stock (knacker yard level)
