Supplemental Materials Flashcards
Describe the “little Albert” experiment
As a follow up to Pavlo’s dog, John Watson wanted to experiment with classical conditioning on humans. He experimented on a 9 month old baby (what an ass) by exposing him to stimuli and then combining the stimuli with a loud noise to invoke fear so that eventually the stimuli by itself would invoke fear.
Who developed the theory of reciprocal determinism?
Psychologist Albert Bandura
What is the theory of reciprocal determinism.
A theory developed by Psychologist Albert Bandura that essentially states a persons behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment.
What are the odds of Down syndrome in a 20 year old?
44 year old?
1 in 800
1 in 16
How common is it for a zygote to have an abnormal number of chromosomes?
About 1\2 of zygotes have abnormal number of chromosomes.
If it occurs anywhere but the 21st or 23rd chromosome, the baby usually dies.
Who conducted the famous “little Albert” experiment?
John Watson
What % of births are out of hospital?
1%
A test to examine chromosomes in a sample of cells.
Karyotyping
the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue.
Ectoderm
Who coined the term “highly sensitive child”?
Elaine Aron
Who coined the term “behavior inhibition?
Jerome Kagan
Who was the famous psychologist from the 1950’s who did “monkey love” experiments on rhesus monkeys.
Henry Harlow
In Henry Harlow’s monkey love experiment, at what point of being left in isolation were the psychological effects deemed irreversible?
90 days
This occurs when a child acquires a word for a particular thing and fails to extend it to other objects in the same category, using the word in a highly restricted and individualistic way.
Underextension
an error in early word use in which a child uses a single word to label multiple different things in a manner that is inconsistent with adult usage.
e.g. - a child calls multiple 4-legged animals “doggie”
Overextension
A simplified manner of speech in which only the most important content words are used to express ideas, while grammatical function words (such as determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions) as well as inflectional endings are often omitted.
Telegraphic speech
What is the minimum # of hours of training a home health aide must receive (federal mandate)
75hrs
This stage is the transition from the reproductive to the non-reproductive period during a woman’s life, and comprises 2 to 8 years before and after menopause, and coincides with a complex period in life due to biological, psychological and social changes.
Climacteric stage
Often referred to as the General Theory of Crime, this is a criminological theory about the lack of individual self-control as the main factor behind criminal behavior. It suggests that individuals who were ineffectually parented before the age of eight develop less self-control than individuals of approximately the same age who were raised with better parenting. Research has also found that low levels of self-control are correlated with criminal and impulsive conduct.
Self-control theory of crime
Who developed the Self-control theory of crime?
Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson
This describes the interaction between a child’s biologically based temperament and the child-rearing environment. It explains how temperament and environment together can produce favourable outcomes.
The Goodness of Fit Model. Goodness of fit helps explain why difficult children (who withdraw from new experiences and react negatively and intensely) are at high risk for later adjustment problems. These children frequently experience parenting that fits poorly with their dispositions.
What characterizes dialectical thinking?
Understanding possibilities and being aware of many sides of an argument.
What is postformal thinking?
Postformal thinking involves the ability to combine contradicting elements of theories into whole theories. This would be illustrated by the ability to compare and contrast 2 theories.
What percent of divorces result in remarriages?
About 46%
Who came up with the term “social clock”?
Bernice Neugarten
At what age does physical growth typically peak?
30
What major task does Levinson propose to be part of the early adult transition?
Exploring available options for a career.
Which explanation of why stealing is wrong would Kholberg identify as conventional reasoning?
“Stealing is against the law”
Conventional moral reasoning focuses on laws and social rules
Who developed the concept of “personal fable”?
Elkind
What does “the secular trend” refer to?
The trend of puberty occurring earlier
Refers to the phenomenon that one extraordinary talent is exhibited by a person who is developmentally disabled.
Savant syndrome
The ability of children to arrange objects mentally in order.
Seriation
What is the best way to treat childhood obesity?
Exercise!
Engage school age children in extra-curricular activities.
According to Erikson, what is the psychosocial crisis facing children during middle childhood?
Industry vs. inferiority
Trust vs. mistrust is faced when?
Infancy
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt occurs when?
Toddlerhood
What are the three aspects of Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence?
Analytic ability, practical ability, creativity.
Which factor contributes most to stability in personality over the life span?
The effects of childhood experiences
A single cell that is formed by the joining of a sperm and ova.
Zygote
What type of study involves more than one group over time?
Sequential
Which theorist proposed a psychosocial approach to life span development?
Erik Erikson
Who was known for his contribution to the humanistic approach to development?
Carl Rogers
When does REM sleep typically occur during a newborns sleep cycle?
The beginning of the newborns sleep cycle
The visual cliff is used to study which infant behavior?
Depth perception
What part of the embryo produces nervous tissue, epidermis, and sense organs?
Ectoderm
What part of the embryo produces lungs and GI tract?
Endoderm
The ability to incorporate new words that belong to a known category without learning the exact definition.
Fast mapping
Forceful behavior that is aimed at obtaining something that someone else wants/has.
Instrumental aggression
What distinguishes neglect from abuse?
Neglect is inaction; abuse is action
Who developed the “zone of proximal development”?
Vygotsky
Which psychologist was a psychodynamic theorist?
Erik Erikson
The belief that inanimate objects have consciousness.
Animism
In industrial developed countries, what is the most common nutritional problem during the preschool years?
Iron deficiency anemia
What factor is believed to be the primary cause of malnutrition of infants in developing countries?
Early cessation breast feeding
What is error catastrophe?
Errors (such as cancer) related to cellular aging
What are Robert Atchleys 7 stages of retirement?
- Pre-retirement: planning to retire
- Retirement: stop working
- Disenchantment
- Reorientation
- Stability/routine
- Termination of retirement
What is a frequently observed effect on the lives of older adults who suffer hearing loss?
A decrease in cognitive stimulation.
Errors in DNA code are the basis for which type of aging?
Wear & Tear
According to Mavis Heterington, when do the effects of divorce on children reach crisis proportions?
About 1 year after the divorce.
