superpowers EQ3 Flashcards
1
Q
whats a sphere of influence
A
the region which a group or institute has power, which is separate from whoever is traditionally in control
e.g. USAs military covers many countries
is an area of territory beyond a countries national border
2
Q
what are the economic, environmental and political factors that cause tensions and conflicts between national powers (and examples)
A
-conflict over water (e.g Egypt/ Ethiopia)
-Intellectual property (counterfeit) e.g. China/ EU
-Energy resources e.g. Russia/Canada
-Territory e.g. Russia and Ukraine
3
Q
according to OECD data, what is the estimated amount that international trade in counterfeit goods is worth.
A
its estimated that international trade in counterfeit goods is worth well over $500 billion, 3% of total trade.
4
Q
how many counterfeit goods and pirated goods came from China
A
80%
5
Q
why are fake goods a problem
A
- impacts firms and countries
- reduces employment oppurtunities- lack of investment in china
- helath and safety risks
- profits from organisaed crimes
- hinders chinas superpower status
6
Q
why are so many counterfeit goods made in china
A
-many of the originals are also produced there, so they have access to intellectual property
-poor protection of intellectual property rights (IPR)
-lack of policing
7
Q
what does intellectual property ensure
A
intellectual property ensures that TNCs, individuals and government agencies can protect new inventions and trademarks.
-China is accused of being a leading violator of intellectual property
8
Q
what does UNCLOS stand for
A
-UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
-“A country can control the seabed and its resources within 200 nautical miles of its coastline”
9
Q
what are the 6 sources of conflict
A
-politics
-natural resources
-access to trade/transport
-territory
-international property rights
-economic
10
Q
what case study can be applied to natural resources under sources of conflict
A
-natural resources: case study- Artic
-oil: South China Sea
11
Q
sources of conflict:
\/
territory
\/
proximity?
A
proximity…
-Makinders Heartland Theory EQ1-> (that your landmass and proximity will influence your control)
- Russia and Ukraine-> Land size matters
-solution: UNCLOS- EEZs
12
Q
sources of conflict:
\/
territory
\/
cultural/ historical?
A
-sudan vs south sudan
-colonialism
- differences in religion
-Rwanda- cultural roots following independence
13
Q
sources of conflict:
\/
territory
\/
strategic
A
Russia and Ukraine, land size matters
14
Q
sources of conflict:
\/
natural resources?
A
natural resources= case study: artic
oil= South China sea, ASEAN and China
15
Q
how much undiscovered oil and natural gas may be in the Artic
A
- 1/4 of the worlds undiscovered gas may be here
16
Q
how do countries have claims over the Artic
A
they have claims over the Artic via the EEZ
17
Q
whats the EEZ
A
an area of the ocean which extends 200 nautical miles beyond the coastline which a nation or country can control. The EEZ border is decided by the UN.
18
Q
what countries have artic territorial claims
A
-Denmark
-Canada
-US
-Russia
-Norway
19
Q
state some recent Artic military developments
A
-2002, Canada began military exercise in the Artic
-2007, Russian submarine planted a flag on sea bed at North Pole and restarted long-range bomber patrols
20
Q
why do countries such as Norway, Russia and Canada have artic territorial claims
A
-because they are geographically located close by
-they are all wealthy countries too
21
Q
how could china increase its power on the artic even though it has no territorial claims
A
it could increase its power if it has technology to navigate before others.
22
Q
what are the 4 reasons why countries have claims in the artic
A
-their land area
-military presence
-physical presence-> (Russia flag on seafloor)
-Land presence
23
Q
why is IPR (intellectual property rights) a benefit for developed countries
A
-more profit from higher value goods
-more protection for offshoring
24
Q
why is IPR (intellectual property rights) a benefit for emerging nations
A
-gives incentives to develop own IP and reduce dependence
-encourages offshoring and outsourcing
HOWEVER…
-high cost of tech
25
Why is IPR (intellectual property rights) a problem for developing countries
-more difficult to sell fake goods
-less profits into country from cheaply made goods
26
why are there competing interests in the south china sea
- The south China sea is expected to be rich in oil and gas reserves
- China wants to claim this however the USA also has interests here.
-South Korea and Japan use this route to trade here however China wants to exploit it
27
what is Chinas blue water navy
-they are building their navy to to continue freely trading goods around the world via sea to retain prosperity/ success
-the Blue Water navy is trying the challenge the USA
- China is using LIDCs e.g. parts in Bangladesh
28
define colonial
refers to direct control exerted over territories conquered mainly by the European powers in the period 1600-1900. The foreign administrators rule the territory in pursuit of their interests, seeking to benefit from the colonised regions' people and resources.
29
define neo-colonial
The indirect actions by which developed countries exercise a degree of control over less developed countries, this can be achieved through varied means including conditions attached to aid, loans, cultural influence and military or economic
30
what are three reasons why china invested in africa
- to gain a reliable supply of raw materials to fuel rapid economic development
-to establish growing markets for manufactured goods
-geopolitical influence
31
what is Chinas belt and road initiative (BRI)
- First announced in 2013, aims to strengthen trade, infrastructure and investment links between approx. 65 other countries (which account for 75% of energy reserves)
-belt= overland route
-road= sea route
- economic trade routes created
32
How does Chinas Belt and Road initiative strengthen Chinas superpower status.
- In Kenya, China built a 3.2 billion railway =improved alliances
- Increased access to resources, one corridor links many countries= funds can be leaked back to China and natural resources.
- China Pakistan corridor created which cost $20 billion, geographical location is perfect for energy investment
33
What are concerns about Chinas Belt and Road initiative
-concerns that China just wants to expand its Blue Water Navy
-concerns that money will be drained back to China
-Nations are at risk of Debt through Belt and Road ( didn't spend the projected amount in Pakistan of $60 billion.
34
what are the advantages for Africa that China is investing in them
+ construction of critical infrastructure that many African countries can't afford
+ Cheaper loans for Africa
+ trading partner for raw materials
+ economic development through job creation
+ supply of cheaper technology and goods from China to support development
+ $60 billion Chinese fdi
35
what are the disadvantages for Africa that China is investing in them
- debt, 75% of Zambia's $8.7 billion debt is to China
- reliance on commodities exports
-difficulties repaying debt- "Debt-trap diplomacy"
-dependence in China (what happens if china's growth decelerates?)
- environmental damage due to exploitation
-polluting industries within Africa
36
What is causing the economic centre of gravity to shift in the 21st century
-globalisation has altered the economic power of the Asia region and its influence
-GDP is starting to rise in the East
- traditional superpowers have faced debt, unemployment and economic reconstructing (Detroit)
37
whats hegemony
leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.
38
what was unemployment at in 2008 due to the global financial crisis in the USA
- unemployment as at 10% in the USA
39
What are 4 factors that affect a countries superpower status
-debt
-unemployment
-economic reconstructing
-social costs
40
how does debt affect superpower status
- increasing reliance on investment from emerging superpowers, weakening their position
41
how does unemployment affect superpower status
-less disposable income
- many TNCs now owned by emerging countries so secondary sector workers rely on decisions abroad
42
how does economic reconstructing (supports the creation of new institutions and the redesign of old ones) affect superpower status
-increasing inequality
-results in disadvantaged groups unable to participate fully without skills
-importance of rapid upskilling to remain competitive in tertiary and quaternary sectors.
43
how does social costs affect superpower status
-increasing inequality leads to more social exclusion e.g. deteriorating employment networks/ decaying living environment
-lack of skills/ education
-social unrest
44
the debt problem and financial crisis: case study- Global Debt- banking crisis 2007
-what happened?
-places were filing for bankruptcy
- confidence dried up in banks
- final collapse= banks would no longer lend to each other
-orders stopped
-many people= redundant
-homelessness and jobless
-shows instability within a nation
45
what is the total military budget for 2015?
$601 billion
46
how/ why is military power important?
- allows for mobility and self protection
- US has around 800 bases across the globe (large global presence)
-US= 50,000 troops in Japan
American taxpayers financially support the bases
47
what are 5 methods which maintains global military power
1. Naval power
2. Nuclear weapons
3. Air power
4. Intelligence services
5. Space exploration
48
what was the defence budget in 2017 for the UK
The UK has the worlds 5th largest defence budget in 2017 (346 billion) but that was only 10% of the US defence budget
49
what are the demographic and social challenges to the EU
-The EU is ageing fast, by 2012 20% of EU citizens will be over 65.
-Youth unemployment in the EU was 22% in 2015 and 45% in Greece and Spain.
-The EUs workforce will drop by 14% in 2030
50
what are the economic challenges to the EU
-Debt in the UK was 1.6 trillion in 2016, debt is a drag on economic growth
- relationships with Russia are strained
-EU unemployment was close to 10% in 2016 representing an underused economy
51
what are the political challenges to the EU
- relationships with Russia are strained
- Tensions between countries wanting deeper union (France and Germany) and those wanting less (UK) have grown (UK left the EU)
-energy security is a key issue, much of it comes from Russia.
52
how much does the USA contribute to military expenditure in 2012
contributed 39%
53
the global financial economic crisis of 2008 saw a drop in public spending yet what continued to increase
-military spending continued to increase
54
what are the costs of naval power
- expensive
-may make the UK seem aggressive
55
what are the benefits of naval power
+protective of territory
+a way to showcase technological advancement ( The Royal Navys newest Type 45 uses the latest technology)
+The USA has 800 military bases across the globe which increases global presence
56
what are the costs of nuclear power
-upgrading nuclear deterrents is costly
-major costs in protecting nuclear weapons
-may never be used
-Fukushima disaster- radiation leaks, mutation
57
what are the benefits of nuclear power
+some say its a deterrent to many major conflicts from erupting
+can safeguard a country
58
what are the costs of air power
-costs of air power tend to be second highest after nuclear weapons
-upgrades for air power is expensive
- Bombing in Libya after the Arab spring of 2011
59
what are the benefits of air power
+safeguards a country
+shows wealth of technology
+ can be deemed as more important than naval fleets
60
what are the costs of space exploration
-the EU committed $5.5 billion (expensive)
-conflict over space exploration (the cold war) USA and USSR
61
what are the benefits of space exploration
+shows a wealth of technology
+ funding used for genuine exploration
+China built and launched the Tiangong-1 space station in 2011-> shows development
62
what caused economic reconstructing and and what was the impacts
Cause: mine closures became part of the UKs economic reconstructing, along with other western countries. Shift to T and Q. Began with the conservative gov
impacts: manufacturing was affected by the shift in economy
63
what caused debt/ financial crisis and and what was the impacts
cause: banks having greater debt than assets
impacts:
-queues of people began to form outside many branches such as Northern Rock.
-people feared that their savings may be at risk
-public panic
64
what caused unemployment and and what was the impacts
cause: employment became endemic in the UKs mining and manufacturing regions-> Unemployment in the rust belt
impacts: many jobless people as they cant fill T&Q jobs as they don't have the skills/
65
what caused social costs and and what was the impacts
cause: due to economic re-constructing (creation of new institutions and jobs)
impacts:
-loss of social cohesion in industrial regions
-mental health problems such as depression
66
superpowers and the middle east: what causes tensions in the middle east
-political
-economic
-cultural/religious
-environmental
67
political events that have led to tensions in the middle east
-1916 Skyes-Picot Agreement: divided up former Ottoman empire into French/British zones of influence
-Post WW2: post-colonial creation of states incl. Iraq, Jordan, Israel
-Afghanistan- Soviet invasion of 1979 set up Taliban
68
cultural/religious events that have led to tensions in the middle east
-religious: Sunni (Iraq) vs Shia (Iran)
-Arab spring
-very different attitudes to social/ cultural factors can challenge geopolitical relationhsips
69
economic events that have led to tensions in the middle east
-control over 60% of the worlds oil reserves (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Libya, Kuwait)
70
environmental events that have led to tensions in the middle east
-water scarcity
-Pollution from conflict ( Gulf War 1991, Iraq war 2003)
71
what was the Sykes Picot agreement
the Sykes Picot agreement conflicted directly with pledges of freedom given by the British to Arabs in exchange for their support against the collapsing Ottomans.
-ottoman empire collapsed
The Ottoman empire was divided into British and French spheres of influence with the conclusion of World War I.
it broke agreements that many Arab nationalists thought they had with the British Empire
(arabs betrayed)
72
how does the USA have a sphere of influence in the MENA region
- anti Iran
-supporter of Israel/ Saudi Arabia
-Oil/ gas interests
- anti terrorist groups
73
how does Russia have a sphere of influence in the MENA region
-pro-iran and allies
-Military bases in Syria (support Syrian government- needs allies in the region)
74
how does the UK have a sphere of influence in the MENA region
-Historical influence due to Sykes-Picot
-Involvement through NATO alliances in Gulf War, Iraq, Libya
75
how does China have a sphere of influence in the MENA region
-Belt and Road initiative
-Some support for Iran
76
why is the Middle East an area of tension and conflict?
-Most Muslim countries are hostile to the Jewish state of Israel.
-religious differences between Sunni and Shia
-complex web of alliances and geopolitical relations in the middle east= instability
-Since 2011, the rise of an extremist group Islamic state in Iraq and Syria has created wars, terrorism and a refugee crisis.
-The Kurdish people are demanding their own state
-Since 2015, a civil war has raged in Yemen, which has involved Saudi Arabia directly and the USA indirectly
77
how is there conflict between the Muslim world & Asia and Western Capitalism (EU, North America, South America)
-attitudes to religion, trade, social relations, women, sexuality and the environment differ in all 3
78
what was the Arab Spring 2010/ 2011
-protests due to a corrupt government
-a man stood in front of his local government and set himself on fire
-a Syrian civil war occurred
-as a result of social media, more people were made aware of the refugee crisis
79
assess the causes of ongoing tension within the middle east (12)
...
80
evidence to support India as an emerging superpower
-worlds second largest working age population and continuing to grow
-third largest national market and high growth rate (7.5%) based on a privatised economy (economy owned by the government to being privately owned via businesses)
-democratic government
-investment in infrastructure, healthcare, national security and education
-strong regional links- China, Russia, Israel, Afghanistan
-Located on key trading routes
-Space programme
-Nuclear power
-Large military
-Globalised diaspora*
81
evidence that shows it will be difficult for India to challenge China as a superpower
-low GDP per capita ($1,980)
-often chaotic
-not a permanent member of the UN security council
-ethnic and social divisions and regional disputes (Pakistan)
82
define diaspora
A diaspora is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin.
83
how many tickets were sold in the Bollywood film industry compared to Hollywood in 2014
The Bollywood film industry sold 3.6 billion tickets in 2104 compared to 2.6 billion for Hollywood.
84
how is military important in building superpower status:
-USA= 800 military bases across the globe-> military connections and more territory
-high tech products such as nuclear weapons
-global economic crisis-> nations cut back on public spending but increased military sending
-naval power control trading routes
85
how is economic power important in building superpower status
-high levels of trade, some countries may depend on others
-EU has authority over one of the largest central banks so can control finance
-spend on technology- apple= large influence
-loans to countries e.g IMF
-economic power= soft power
-belt and road initiative-> allows for money to go back to china, alliances formed
-china invested in africa to establish growing markets for manufactured goods
-rising consumerism, demand for products
-influence over trade
-HOWEVER USA dominates and is known for military
86
what factors are affecting GDP growth rates
- military expenditure
- human capital management- skills and education
-demographics- ageing population (cost)
-civil unrest
-impacts of climate change- business/ agriculture
-energy efficiency and supply
87
case study: EU- Japan- Free trade agreement
-EU and Japan are complimentary economies
-1 billion exports creates 14,000 jobs
-No tariffs anymore
-high end medical devices exported to Japan to increase healthcare
-The EU gov claims the agreement will boost trade with Japan by £15.2 bn over the next 15 years- & UK businesses will enjoy tariff- free trade on 99% of exports to the country
-the government said that the deal would support UK car and rail manufacturing jobs, lower tariffs on products like pork, beef and salmon and British consumers would get access to cheaper, high quality Japanese goods
-Japan would boost the UK's GDP by around 0.07% over 15 years and increase UK workers wages by £800m in the long run
-600,000 jobs tied to EU exports to Japan
88
define PPP
recalculates the total value of a countries services and goods. It considers cost of living and inflation and making international comparisons between countries with different standards of living.
89
what are the 4 superpower futures that are predicted that might occur
- A regional mosaic (multipolar- UK,USA)
-Asian century (unipolar)- Asian Tigers*
-US hegemony ( dominance of one group over another)->unipolar-> neo-colonialism through soft power
-The new cold war (Bipolar) (Russia vs USA)
90
why is it difficult to predict superpower futures
its difficult to see what the world will be like in terms of geopolitical situation due to uncertainties over population size, GDP growth, climate change, future wars and pandemics
91
by what date does the UN want to meet net zero
by 2050, the UN wants to meet net zero.
92
USA ivory coast case study: state facts
-IMF banned exports on diamonds
-IMF 4.4 million debt cancelled
93
Which islands did china fortify with military defenses
the Spratly islands
