migration EQ1 Flashcards
Define economic system
an economic system is a means by which governments organise and distribute resources, services and goods across a region or country. This includes land, capital and labour.
what are the 4 types of globalisation and examples
-economic globalisation ( e.g. TNCs)
-cultural globalisation (e.g. westernisation)
-political globalisation (e.g. trade blocs)
-social globalisation (e.g. migration)
what allows for a high level of economic migration within the UK
well connected transport links
in 2014, how many people were living in a country that they were not born in due to internal migration
in 2014, internal migration saw more than 230 million people now living in a country that they were not born in
what are the 4 main categories of migrants?
-an economic migrant
-a refugee
- an irregular migrant
-an asylum seeker
whats an irregular migrant
a person who enters a country illegally or remains in a country without a valid visa or permit from that country, or who has overstayed the duration of a visa or whose visa has been cancelled
What migration normally occurs at a national scale?
mainly rural to urban migration occurs due to economic hubs in urban zones
what migration normally occurs at an international scale
some trade blocs allow for an easier movement of people (e.g. the EU allows for free movement of people). Most countries readily offer work visas to those with skills and/or a sponsor
case study: china, why is there a divide in where people migrate to?
-china has a high population density in the east because:
-china introduced the open door policy in 1978
-SEZs here
-job opportunities
-The west has a harsher climate -> deserts and himalayan region
-lack of investment in the west due to this
case study: The UK, what are the two main sources for international migrants in the past
the commonwealth: post ww2- labour shortages in factories, transport and NHS. afro-Caribbean migrants arrived (Windrush generation) and a wave of migrants followed (India and Pakistan)
The EU: migration grew especially after 1992
-economic migration is high due to the fact that English is a business language and the EU is the second largest economy
what are the impacts that Brexit had on the UK
- controlling of globalisation occurred
- a rise in extremism across Europe
what are the advantages for English football for attracting overseas players
-some argue that overseas players bring more skill, talent and flare to the English team
-can advance the lives of those who move
-many overseas players send part of their income home as remittance payments-> funding of education projects can occur
-larger audience as more likely to win games= more sponsors and more money
-increased competition for tickets and more sales
what are the disadvantages for English football for attracting overseas players
-massive salary inflation
-some people are unsatisfied with the poor performance of the English national team as its more of a global team due to globalisation
-deskilling of other clubs-> clubs without their most talented players
-wider communities may be altered due to inwards migration once a player joins -globalisation can change ethnic composition in some areas
-tensions and conflicts can arise as people adapt to a new sense of natural identity
-people unable to afford matches as prices rise
-players demand long contracts and high wages
what are the two main flow of migrants in china
-one flow is of rural migrants within the rural interior (central region of the country)- usually to a small city
-migrants move from smaller cities to the major east coast countries
by 2012, what percentage of Chinese people lived in urban areas
51%
there are barriers to migration in China, what is this system called and explain it
-the barriers to migration within China is known as the hukou system
-the hukou system is where everyone is registered at an official residence
-moving to cities from rural areas is very expensive as a permit has to be bought and people must be ‘registered’ to move
what are the benefits of rural-urban migration in china
-allows more people to gain better jobs
-more economic flows in the centre
-improved quality of life
-jobs available for people
-the Hukou system has prevented too much urban sprawl from occuring
what are the problems of rural-urban migration in china
-stress on services
-due to the hukou system people must be ‘registered’ and buy an expensive permit in order to move from a rural to urban region thus only accessible to the rich.
-china depends heavily on manufacturing and service industries in cities and the hukou system has become too restrictive
-children normally remain in rural areas while adults can move
-hard for rural migrant workers to move
what is the EU Schengen agreement
The EU Schengen agreement took effect in 1995 and abolished many of the international border controls within the EU. This enabled passport-free movement across most EU member states.
There are 26 Schengen countries. It allows people to move freely over the Schengen region and helped fill job vacancies.
what are the benefits of the EU- Schengen agreement
-abolished many of the international border controls
-Since 1995, millions of EU citizens have moved across the Schengen area, this has helped fill other job vacancies in the area.
-allows for passport free movement across most member states.
what are the problems of the EU- Schengen agreement
-people claim that it gives easy access to cheaper labour (undercutting domestic workers and lowering wages)
-allows for free movement of criminals and terrorists, terrorist attacks in Paris have prompted a re-think about free movement.
-countries have started to re-introduce border controls such as Germany and France.
explain the situation of Japan and migration here
-Japan is in need of migrants as its population is declining (27% are aged over 65)
-The UN suggests Japan needs 17 million migrants by 2050 to maintain its 2007 population levels
-Japanese isn’t a global business language
-Japan also has a closed-door policy to immigration
-Only 1.7% of Japanese population is immigrant.
explain the situation of Australia and migration here
-for decades Australia’s immigration has been skills-based, 70% of immigrants are accepted based on skills shortages.
-Australia has an ageing population but migrants offset numbers
-almost all immigrants live in big cities
-Australia’s immigrants are not an economic burden and contribute well to GDP
explain why globalisation and increased international migration linked (6 marks)
-there are 4 types of globalisation
-political globalisation can lead to open door policies and membership of trade blocs. This allows people to move more easily as reduced barriers are present.
-cultural globalisation may influence people to move to a certain area as the quality of life may be better and more convenient, these cultural ideas can be accessed by the internet which can increase connections.
-economic globalisation refers to TNCs which provide labour so people may move for work
-social globalisation may cause people to move through push and pull factors~
crossing the Mediterranean
In 2015, how many people emigrated from North Africa and the Middle East to Europe
in 2015, more than 1 million migrants moved from North America and the Middle East to Europe.
push factors for people crossing the Mediterranean to Europe
-corruption
-bad quality of life
-poverty
pull factors for people crossing the Mediterranean to Europe
-work and better income
-better quality of life
-can support family by remittances
-better governments
explain why people moving to the UK boosts the UKs superpower satus
-spread of soft power of culture to the people that move there
-more people in a country may make it seem stronger (hard pwr)
explain why there is EU migration to the UK
- main cause of emigration is for study
-high numbers of people moving to the UK also represents the high levels of unemployment and low wages in Eastern Europe.
what were the impacts of Brexit on EU migration to the UK
-less supply of workers for labour
-more problems concerning travel from the EU to the UK
-shortage of lorry drivers
-transport and NHS strikes -> care industry -> care homes
-post WW2, migrants supported the NHS heavily
-pre-Brexit= lots of cultural diffusion, this shaped land use (reflected migration patterns)
+less need for spending on translators
-source country= less brain drain
define remittances
a sum of money sent in payment or as a gift.
define liberalism
the theory that globalisation is based on economic freedoms
