superpowers EQ1 Flashcards by p b

whats a hyperpower and example

a country with complete global dominance and no rivals
-USA
-Britain (1850-1910)

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whats a superpower and example

a nation with means to project its power and influence anywhere in the world
-EU

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whats an emerging power and example

globally influential but only influence some areas (their power is increasing)
- Russia, China, Brazil, India

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whats a regional power and examples

leads on a continental but not global scale
- Japan, Mexio, nigeria

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what does geopolitical mean

refers to the influence of geographical factors ( economy, population, size, military strength)* on the actions of countries towards others : their foreign policy, agreements and alliances and conflicts*

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what are the 6 sources of power

-economic
-political
-military
-cultural
-demographic
-natural resources

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sources of power: economic

A large total GDP gives countries wealth needed to be a global player

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sources of power: political

-leading rather than following
-caa cause persuasion through global organisations such as the UN, IMF and WTO to pooorer countries

permant seat on the un secuirty council

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sources of power: military

nuclear weapons, a large navy and air force to threaten other countries

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sources of power: cultural

its a source of power to have ideas, art, music, food and fashion that other people find appealing

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sources of power: demographic(characterists of a population)

power requires people, to support a large economy and the military

high population attracts migrants

range of skiled migrants - leads to new ideas.

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sources of power: natural resources

fossil fuels, land for farming, mineral wealth and water resources increase self- sufficiency(dont have to rely on other countries)

places can export resources at a high price such as oil

countries with secure enegry supplies are represented as strong and powerful

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whats hard power

using military and economic influence ( trade deals and sanctions) to force another country to act in a particular way

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whats soft power

a more subtle persuasion for countries to act in a particular way on the basis that the persuader is respected and appealing. Includes political persuasion (diplomacy) and cultural influence

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whats smart power

the combination of soft and hard power

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who has the highest total GDP and what is it at (2015-16 data)

USA
GDP= 18.5 trillion dollars

who has the highest total population and what is it at (2015-16 data)

China
1382 million

who has the highest number of active nuclear warheads and what is it at (2015-16 data)

Russia
1790

who has the highest percentage of the worlds 2000 largest TNCs and what is it at (2015-16 data)

USA
27%

negative of hard power
include 3 examples

expensive and risky
new technology investments
loss of allies due to other countries may not agree with military force

negatives of military action

-viewed as unnecessary/ illegal
-the aggressor may loose allies and moral authority (e.g Russia’s 2014 invasion of the Crimea)

negatives of soft power

the country must have a well respected culture, values and politics as for some countries as without this some countries may not be persuaded

time consuming

positives of soft power

low cost and it can create alliances and friendships

which countries have the highest levels of soft power

USA
-UK
-france
-germany

what does geo-strategic refer to

refers to the policies of a country in terms of securing the resources it needs both within its territory, nearby and globally.

how did America become a superpower

-control lots of territory -in WW1, they intervened to end the war, promoting peace and stability. -the creation of IGOs e.g. the Bretton's Woods Agreement -They maintained economic stability during the war - creation of Nato (a military alliance) -controlling global affairs

examples of hard powers

ECONOMIC- using economic sanctions(eg banning trade) against countries MILITARY- military action, or the threat of it -military alliances such as NATO EG the invasion of USA over iraq

examples of economic power

favouring certain trade partners -using aid to influence policy such as WTO- which helps spread influence -trade blocs and alliances

examples of soft power

-culture and ideology -exerting influence through favour and persuasion -using the media to promote a particular image and message ~tncs

what are the 5 permanent members of the UN security council

China, France, Russia, UK, USA

what is the heartland theory produced by Mackinder

- the heartland was a geo-strategic location* -Whoever controlled the Heartland would control the world island and thus control the world. -the heartland was hard to invade due to the many physical barriers in the way

what did the heartland theory influence

- persuaded the USA, UK and other European countries that Russia needed to be contained. -reinforced that the control of physical resources (land, mineral wealth) was important

why is the heartland theory now outdated

-modern military technology can target any area of land and size no longer acts as protection. 'no longer bigger the better' -physical resources are now traded internationally- less need for domestic resources -war and conflict now labeled as abnormal

give an example of hard power still existing

- in 2003, the USA and allies invaded Iraq, partly to secure oil supplies

what time period was the imperial era

1500-1950

what general thing happened within the imperial era

European powers conquered land in the Americas, Africa and Asia and built empires that directly controlled territories. influences by direct colonial control

the development of empires relied on 5 factors:

Transportation, territory, exploitation,protection - - powerful navies to transport soldiers and equipment for conquest, and then to protect sea-routes and coastlines from enemies. - large and advanced armed forces to conquer territory and then control it. -businesses to exploit resources in the conquered area. (Mining and plantation farming) -many protected merchant ships to transport goods back -people from home country to act as government and civil service.

in 1920, how much land did the British Empire control

24% of land

what happened to empires after the second world war

they ended as independence was gained by colonies and cost of maintaining empires was too high.