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migration EQ3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are IGOS

A

An IGO is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states, or of other intergovernmental organizations. IGOs are established by the treaty or other agreements that acts as a charter for creating a group.

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2
Q

what is Global governance

A

global governance is the steering of rules, norms, codes and regulations used to regulate human activity at an international level. At this scale, regulation and laws can be tough to enforce. Governance suggests broader notions of steering or piloting rather than the direct form of control associated with government.

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3
Q

what is a rouge state

A

a nation or state regarded as breaking international law and posing a threat to security of other nations

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4
Q

define ethnic cleansing

A

ethnic cleansing is the systematic, forced removal of ethnic, radical and/or religious groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogenous

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5
Q

what are some key events of the United Nations regarding maintaining international peace and security

A

-formation of the UN security council and peacekeepers
-1949- Peacekeeping in India/Pakistan

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6
Q

what are some key events of the United Nations regarding promoting sustainable development

A

-2015- UN climate change conference- Paris, Sustainable development goals
-1987- Montreal protocol on protecting the ozone layer

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7
Q

what are some key events of the United Nations regarding protecting human rights

A

-formation of UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)
-1975- World conference on women

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8
Q

what are some key events of the United Nations regarding upholding international law

A

-1982- The Law of the Sea established

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9
Q

what are some key events of the United Nations regarding delivering humanitarian aid

A

-1974- Food conference to eradicate hunger and malnutrition
-2014- Emergency Health Mission on Ebola Crisis

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10
Q

when was the UN established

A

on the 24th of october in 1945, The UN came into existence.

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11
Q

UN bodies: what’s the FAO

A

Food and Agriculture Organisation (food security)

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12
Q

UN bodies: whats the WFP

A

the WFP is the World Food Programme (food security)

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13
Q

UN bodies: whats the UNHCR

A

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(helpful in terms of migration)

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14
Q

UN bodies: whats the UNEP

A

United Nations Environment Programme (environmental sustainability)

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15
Q

UN bodies: whats UNESCO

A

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (e.g. World Heritage Sites)

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16
Q

whats unilateral action

A

unilateral action is a type of one-sided action

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17
Q

what are the main organs of the UN

A

the General Assembly
the Security Council
the Economic and South Council
the Trustee Council
the International Court of Justice
the UN Secretariat

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18
Q

describe the UN General Assembly

A

-the main meeting for debates
-Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC

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19
Q

describe the UN Security Council

A

-Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security
- Has 15 members; 5 permanent members with veto power and 10 elected members

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20
Q

describe the UN Economic and Social Council

A

-promoting international economic and social cooperation and development

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21
Q

describe the UN Secretariat

A

-Supports the other UN bodies administratively (e.g. organisation of conferences, writing of reports/studies and the preparation of budget)

-provides information and facilities needed by UN decision makers

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22
Q

describe the International Court of Justice

A

-decides disputes between states that recognise its jurisdiction/control
-issues legal opinions
-renders judgement by relative majority. Its 15 judges are elected by the UN general assembly for nine-year terms

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23
Q

describe the UN Trusteeship Council

A

-was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations Mandates/instructions

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24
Q

One role of the UN is giving out economic sanctions, this was given to Iran due to the building of nuclear weapons. For social factors assess whether the UN was successful when giving sanctions:

A

Success- reduced the threat of another nuclear attack on innocent civilians- Iran was brought to the negotiating table

-an arms embargo, assets freezes and travel bans occured

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25
Q

One role of the UN is giving out economic sanctions, this was given to Iran due to the building of nuclear weapons. For economic factors assess whether the UN was successful when giving sanctions:

A

success- trade embargo led to a sharp decline in oil exports

failure- annual GDP only fell by 5%

26
Q

One role of the UN is giving out economic sanctions, this was given to Iran due to the building of nuclear weapons. For political factors assess whether the UN was successful when giving sanctions:

A

failure- the powerlessness of the worlds IGOs and superpowers to reduce the likelihood that Iran would eventually have nuclear capability was made aware.

failure- Initially Iran did not respond to the UN security council

success- brought Iran to negotiating table

27
Q

One role of the UN is providing direct military action, this was given in Bosnia due to the ethnic cleansing by Bosnian Serb forces against Bosnian Muslims.. For social factors assess whether the UN was successful in providing direct military action:

A

failure- 8000 muslim boys and men died despite the action of the UN.

failure- even though there were Dutch UN peacekeepers, the town was still put under siege by Bosnian Serb forces

failure- many muslims died of starvation

slight success- muslims gained a bit of hope when Dutch UN peacekeepers designated a safe zone in Srebrenica

28
Q

One role of the UN is providing direct military action, this was given in Bosnia due to the ethnic cleansing by Bosnian Serb forces against Bosnian Muslims.. For economic factors assess whether the UN was successful in providing direct military action:

A

failure- rising cost of living as food prices would have increased

29
Q

One role of the UN is providing direct military action, this was given in Bosnia due to the ethnic cleansing by Bosnian Serb forces against Bosnian Muslims.. For political factors assess whether the UN was successful in providing direct military action:

A

failure- The role of the UN has been diminished and its reputation as an effective peacekeeping body against nationalist forces has declined

failure- the reputation of Dutch forces suffered an international blemish on their capability of peacekeepers

30
Q

what were the social impacts of the unilateral action taken against Russia by the EU, USA, Australia, Canada and Norway without an agreement from the UN as Russia wanted to expand into Crimea.

A

In response to Russia’s currency being devalued, they placed bans on imported food from the EU and the USA. This caused Dutch tomato and cucumber sales to Russia to fall by 80%.

31
Q

what were the economic impacts of the unilateral action taken against Russia by the EU, USA, Australia, Canada and Norway without an agreement from the UN as Russia wanted to expand into Crimea.

A

-Russia’s currency was devalued and its international credit rating was reduced

however:

The Russian economy diversified and became less dependent on oil or gas

Russian farmers increased their home market as US and EU food imports were banned

32
Q

what were the political impacts of the unilateral action taken against Russia by the EU, USA, Australia, Canada and Norway without an agreement from the UN as Russia wanted to expand into Crimea.

A

the worlds superpowers were seen as powerless in being able to act against Russia and lack of capability to prevent Russian expansionism- particularly among the US and EU countries

33
Q

what is unilateral action

A

unilateral action (one sided action) is where one country or a group of countries acts against one another without formal UN approval. This can have deep impacts on geopolitical relations and stability

34
Q

what is the role of the UN in prioritising climate change

A

-the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its scientific panel and intergovernmental panel on climate change are important in informing a debate on global warming

The Paris Agreement was adopted by Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris

Encouraging zero carbon

USA failure to ratify kyoto protocol

35
Q

what is the role and importance of the UN security council

A
  • made up of 15 members and 5 are permeant
    -they are important in making decisions and ensuring geopolitical stability
    -peacekeeping missions have occurred in Sierra Leone
    -The permanent members can vito other non-permanent members ideas -> however not seen as so successful when Russia wanted to take over Crimea, unilateral action took place instead. -> in some areas, unilateral action could be considered as more impactful
36
Q

whats a HIPC

A

Heavily indebted poor country

37
Q

what is free trade

A

free trade is international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas or other restrictions

38
Q

what is the role of the IMF

A

to monitor the economic and financial development of countries and to lend money when they are facing economic difficulty

39
Q

what is the role of the World Bank

A

to give advice, loans and grants for the reduction of poverty and the promotion of economic development with the aid of long term support rather than crisis support

40
Q

what is the role of the world trade organisation

A

to formulate trade policy and agreements and to settle disputes. Overall it aims to promote free trade on a global scale

41
Q

what are the conditions of SAPs by the IMF

A

-opening up domestic markets
-reducing the role of the government
-remove restrictions on capital
-reduce government spending
-devalue the currency

42
Q

what are the critiques of SAPs

A

-privatisation of services benefit the developing leaders
-this then leads to poverty and undermine the economic sovereignty of borrowing states
-SAPs can be regarded as a neo-colonial strategy used by developing countries to maintain influence over how the global periphery develops

43
Q

case study Jamaica facts: SAPSs

A

-due to the influence of SAPs, Jamacia has replayed more money $20bn than it has been lent ($19 bn)

-it didn’t undergo debt relief - in order to relive itself from multilateral debt trap

-nearly half of the people live below the poverty line

44
Q

what are other factors that have amplified debt in Jamaica

A

-the impact of slavery
-hurricane sandy
-oil crisis in the 1970s

45
Q

how did SAPs act in Tanzania

A

-there was the aim to rebuild the economy via SAPs- push for privatisation via world bank and IMF.

-few people saw the benefits of privatisation

-erosion of economic sovereignty and governmental control.

-foreign developed countries wanted to maximise profits.

46
Q

how did SAPs act in Uganda

-what was the GDP before debt cancellation then 10-15 years later

A

-it was one of the first countries to benefit from debt write offs in 2000.

-GDP before debt cancellation= US $4 billion
-GDP after debt cancellation= US $28 billion
(helped gain national economic sovereignty)

-literacy rate was increased and a lowered dependency on other countries-> more money used for investment

-however population % of people undernourished has stayed relatively constant

-government spending rose by 20%

47
Q

explain how the WTO has caused an erosion of national economic sovereignty

A

the WTO creates a global market place
-the WTO permits trade blocs

-being a member of global organisations provides access to the worlds market place and a route to economic development through trade

-the UK left the EU to highlight they wanted to retain their sovereignty which was diluted

-however a large market for selling goods can help drive economic growth
-working to common laws across the EU can threaten sovereignty
-rich and powerful countries may take advantage of developing countries
-politicians must balance the needs of the EU with the needs of their own people which often leads to difficulty

48
Q

why should the EU move closer towards a political union?

A

-strength in countries working together
-more jobs will be available to people as people living in the EU can live and work in any other EU country.
-more access to workers and skilled labour
- security is improved and information about goods or terrorism can be shared
-boundaries are open so goods can be transferred easily by the Schengen Agreement
-very large market for selling goods helps drive economic growth
-a common currency means expensive currency transfer isn’t needed

49
Q

why shouldn’t the EU move closer towards a political Union

A

-the more countries that are involved means that it is more difficult to come to an agreement and decision making is lengthy

-trade and travel agreements can be made by a country without having a political union present

-govs of all countries must trust each other and it is difficult to achieve this because some countries are richer and more powerful than others

-politicians must balance the needs of the EU and the needs of their own people which often leads to difficulty.

-working to common laws across the EU is seen to threaten national sovereignty

-shared currency means economic difficulty must be supported by all others and this may lead to resentment

50
Q

what is the Montreal protocol

A

its an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion

51
Q

why did Greenpeace cause Lego to end its partnership with shell

A

Greenpeace conveyed in an AD that shell has devastating oil spills

52
Q

what treaties have IGOs put in place to manage global environmental problems

A

-CITES
-UNCLOS
-The Water Convention
-Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA)
-Antarctic Treaty

53
Q

outline the role of CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

A

-aims to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

-protects over 35,000 species of flora and fauna

-however its enforcement has not been strict enough

54
Q

outline the role of UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

A

Created EEZs. To define the rights and responsibilities of nations using the worlds oceans

Over 150 signatures

However tensions are still evident ( south China sea) it can also restrict a countries access to natural resources

55
Q

outline the role of the Montreal Protocol

A

designed to protect the ozone layer and reduce the number of CFCs in the atmosphere (CFCs deplete the ozone)

substitutes were given for CFCs and funding was given to countries for this

197 signatures (global ratification)

56
Q

what is the role of the UN water treaty

A

aims to protect the quantity, quality and sustainable use of transboundary water resources by promoting cooperation between countries

57
Q

what is the role of the Antarctic treaty

A

-ensures that no territorial claims can be made on the region and no military action .
-Antarctica is to be used for scientific research only
- over 50 countries have signed the agreement so not global

58
Q

what are NGOs

A

NGOs are independent of governments (although some have government funding) and operate either nationally or internationally. Some are campaigning organisations e.g. Greenpeace whereas others are mainly involved in specific projects

59
Q

what are the advantages of NGOs

A

-NGOs are smaller and more focused thus it is more easy for decisions to be made (bottom up_
-NGOs are usually considered to be independent and draw on evidence to support their causes
-NGOs can operate on a local, regional or global level

however, NGOs need donations to operate so its difficult for them to scale up

60
Q

what war on terror

A

a global military, political and legal struggle against officially recognised terrorist groups

61
Q

what is an example of war on terror

A

in 2003, the USA invaded Iraq (war on terror), failing to pass a UN security council resolution. The USA justified the invasion by saying that Iraq possessed ‘weapons of mass destruction’

geo human a2 (7 decks)

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