superpowers EQ2 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the top 3 biggest companies (2019)
A
1- ICBC (major bank) in China
2-JP Morgan & Chase (major bank) in the USA
3- China Construction Bank in China
2
Q
how many top companies does China have out of the 10 biggest companies
A
5
3
Q
how many top companies does America have out of the 10 biggest companies
A
4
4
Q
China has many major bank companies, what does this display?
A
that they have a great level of economic power
5
Q
Within the USA, they have the company apple which is the 6th biggest company, why is this advantageous.
A
- shows that they have advancements in technology
-outsourcing can occur
-they are able to gain a global influence (soft power) through apple TV and apple apps.
6
Q
Based in the Netherlands is the 9th largest company, Royal Dutch Shell, what are the advantages and disadvantages of this.
A
advantages:
-they have energy resources which they can export
disadvantages:
-oil is a finite source and non-renewable
-exploitation of environment (environmental degradation)
-taints the country of the Netherlands
7
Q
why did Lego end their partnership with shell
A
Greenpeace showed the negatives of shell and the oil spills occurring which ruins the environment.
8
Q
what are the 2 types of TNCs
A
-publicly traded TNCs
-state owned TNCs
9
Q
whats a publicly traded TNC
A
- TNCs whose share are owned by numerous stakeholders (usually other TNCs, banks and large financial institutions such as pension funds) across the world.
10
Q
what are state owned TNCs
A
-TNCs that are majorly or wholly owned by the government
11
Q
what are most well-known? publicly traded TNCs or state owned TNCs
A
publicly traded TNCs
12
Q
what TNCs would China have most of? publicly traded TNCs or state owned TNCs
A
state owned TNCs
13
Q
Why do TNCs support free market capitalism
A
as FDI can occur which = more profit / reduction in tariffs and taxes // cumulative causation* and comparative advantage
14
Q
how do TNCs ensure dominance of the global economy
A
by diversification of products to appeal to many markets
15
Q
what are the criticisms of TNCs
A
cultural diffusion (homogenous culture*) / environmental impacts (synoptic link to water- Aral Sea Case study/ Globalizations EQ2/
16
Q
explain why the media (a global cultural influence) is an important aspect of power linked to economic influence and technology (4)
A
The media is an important aspect of power as it enables a country or particular TNC to exert its influence. This form of power is a soft power. through the media such as movies, entertainment and apps such as Facebook and insta, ideas from particular countries and TNCs can be promoted, this can be in the form of advertisement. The media can generate a feeling of needing a certain product. This can lead to certain brands and products to be bought into (consumerism). Through the means of technology such as iPhones, TNCs can easily promote themselves and a large economic influence allows for FDI to occur n poorer countries to build infrastructure based around brands making a country dependent on these services
17
Q
what are the 4 roles of TNCs
A
-outsourcing, offshoring-> global flows (labour and employment)
-glocalisation
-cultural influence-> global culture
-wsternisation
18
Q
where are most TNCs found
A
North America
19
Q
how many of the worlds largest TNCs only originate from 7 countries
A
400
20
Q
how do TNCs reinforce economic and cultural power
A
-through production and sales allowing them to affect the price of commodities, affecting the trade and controlling technologies
-TNCs also exert control of technology globally through patents
-TNCs invest in developing countries, TNCs and may influence government policies, both directly and indirectly. Global brands (e.g. Disney and McDonalds) cause the spread of western culture through the rest of the world
21
Q
state information about the case study: Tata Steel
A
-Tata Steel is one of the worlds largest steel companies with a steel production capacity of 27.5 million tonnes per annum.
-The company is a diversified steel producer with major operations in India, Europe and South East Asia.
-Tata steel is the 2nd largest steel producer in Europe
22
Q
what facts show that the world is becoming Disneyified
A
- it owns 40 Spanish speaking radio stations
-it supplies materials to help teach English in Chinese and African schools.
-retail/leisure locations around the world are becoming clones of Disneyland
-14 theme parks
23
Q
Simply, what is Tata Steel
A
An Indian multinational steel making company
24
Q
How has Tata Steel shown reverse colonialism
A
-they are specialising
-They have a partnership with British TNCs
-also provide steel for Ford cars
25
how have TNCs expanded
-By outcompeting smaller companies and taking them over
-Their bank balances and ability to borrow money to invest has allowed them to take advantage of globalisation by investing in new technology
-The move towards free-market capitalism and free trade has opened new markets allowing TNCs to expand.
26
what is free market capitalism
an unregulated system of economic exchange
27
whats a patent
a gov authority or licence conserving a right or title for a set period. excludes others from making, using or selling a particular invention*
28
examples of "arts" as a soft power
-Spotify
-amazon music
-The West End (lion king shown in many places)
-broadway/ hollywood
-fashion week> showcase designs across cities
-galleries showcasing art (sponsorships)
29
examples of "food" as a soft power
-McDonalds- introduction and fusion of MCD into restaurants and countries around the world (glocalsiation)
-KFC
-coca-cola is the parent country for many drinks around the world (fanta and sprite)
-innocent smoothies
30
examples of "media" as a soft power
-Facebook
-Netflix (online streaming of TV around the world in a multitude of languages)
-Insta
-Hollywood, Bollywood, Nollywood (fusion of American culture here)
-love island, married at first sight, disney
-Youtube
-Sky Sports, world cup, Olympics
31
what are IGOs owned by and what do they promote
IGOs are owned by western countries and promote free trade and capitalism
32
what IGOs have uneven votes on global decisions
IMF and World Bank
33
describe the voting system for WTO
although one country one vote consensus, countries will be influenced by whats in their economic interest to vote for
34
whats the role of WEF
- brings together leaders from diff backgrounds
-multiple stakeholders (collaborative)
-celebs, businesses, artists...
35
whats the criticisms of WEF
-conflicts between stakeholders in WEF
- celebs/ industry players in TNCs have more power
36
what is the WEF and what's its aim
-its an IGO
- it promotes public-private co-operation
-it meets annually at Davos
-Established in 1971 to help resolve disputes and promote global thinking
-discusses corruption, terrorism and social issues (health)
37
whats the IMF and whats its aim
-Founded in the USA
-aim to stabilize global currencies after 1930s and devastation of ww2.
-help countries facing debt thus helping to stabilise currencies
38
negatives of the IMF
-not all members are equal, their individual voting rights are proportional to the amounts they have invested in the fund
-may force developing countries to cut spending on health & education (saps)
-47% of the votes lie in the hands of the 8 largest contributers
39
World Bank Aims
-aims to finance development
-focuses on the effects of natural disasters and humanitarian disasters
-main role= to help capitalism function
-aims to eliminate poverty and implement sustainable goals.
-gives loans for development
40
negs of the World Bank
-gained a bad rep for environmental damage
-costly so developing countries cant repay loans
41
aim of the WTO
to promote free flow of trade and prompt economic growth, especially in the least developed countries
-advocates for free trade/ trade liberalisation
42
what are the 4 global policemen (1945) post ww2
-USA
-UK
-Soviet Union
-China
43
how is the UK a global policeman in terms of crisis response
Britain contributed over 15 million Us dollars to aid the 2015/16 humanitarian crisis in Syria
44
how is the UK a global policeman in terms of conflict prevention
the UK prioritises prevention of conflict in fragile states, using programmes like 'Official Development Assistance'
45
how is the UK a global policeman in terms of climate change mitigation
there has been a reduction in greenhouse emissions since COP and Paris Agreement
46
whats capitalism
an economic political system in which a countries trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
47
what is the G8
A forum that brings together 8 global leaders to address international issues and tackle the most pressing global challenges.
48
what are the 5 permanent members of the UN security council
-China
-Russia
-UK
-USA
-France
49
which IGO is involved in politics, military and economics
WTO
50
which IGO is involved in politics and economic
IMF
51
which IGOs are involved in economics and military
-world bank
-OECD
52
which IGOs are involved in military
-UN security council
-NATO
53
There are 5 permanent members in the UN security council, how many non-permanent members are there and what basis do these non-permanent members change on
10 other members rotate on a 2 year cycle
54
what were the 2021 non-permanent members of the UN security council
-India, Ireland, Mexico, Kenya, Vietnam etc etc
55
what are the 2022 non-permanent members of the UN security council
Brazil, Albania, France, India, Ireland etc etc
56
what 3 ways can members of the UN security council direct nations to take actions
- it can apply sanctions
- it can send countries to international court
- send peace keeping troops
57
give examples of where the UN security council has stepped in/ visited
Haiti- natural disasters
Sierra Leone- conflict over resources
Rwanda- ethnic differences leading to conflict
Afghanistan/Iraq- war and conflict
58
what do most large IGOS have in common in terms of economy
-believe in a free-market capitalist economy
-has led to the collapse of socialist economies (USSR)
59
International decision making- what are the 3 main global actions
-1. crisis response (actions are taken to address man-made disaster and tragic events).
-2. conflict prevention
-3. climate change mitigation
60
what are sanctions used to do
they are used to persuade or force a country into the negotiating table without using a military force
61
case study: ivory coast (west Africa, what happened and what did an IGO (the IMF) do in response :
-the nation split into two after an armed rebellion leading to political instability
-its the worlds largest exporter of cocoa beans
- the IMF intervened but did not allow the Ivory Coast to receive aid until 2013, they caused the Ivory Coast to have free presidential elections, got rid of 4.4 billion dollars of debt, banned diamond exports (neg as diamonds are valuable and contribute to economic stability) and they caused investment in road structure (beneficial to partners in the IMF-> trade routes)
-overall the IMF stepped in to prevent conflict
62
case study Haiti: what superpowers were involved and why
- Hurricane Matthew caused devastation in Haiti, 350,000 Haitians needed aid within 3 days and many homes were destroyed
-USA and France provided 550 personnel, as well as humanitarian aid.
-^ both did this to give themselves a positive rep and form alliances, USA= close proximity to Haiti
-IGOs like UNICEF sought $5million from UN funds to provide aid for 500,000 Haitian children
-crisis response, Haiti received aid through more developed countries
63
case study: Afghanistan: what superpowers were involved and why
-Afghanistan has faced constant conflict, it is among one of the poorest countries, its had a great level of political instability leading to restrictions on women
- The USA intervened to form an alliance and to remove the Taliban, the USA spread western believes such as democracy. Also promoted peace. They were trying to stabilise the area to prevent nuclear use and wars.
64
what is the UN and what are their aims
the UN is an IGO and their aim is to promote international co-operation and create and maintain international order.
-Its made up of 193 member states
65
whats the aim of the UN security council***
to maintain international peace and security (to prevent conflict).
It strives to maintain an international law by:
1. applying sanctions
2. military force
3. UN peacekeeping force
66
state the relationship between the UN and climate change
-the annual UN climate conferences aim to make progress in managing climate change.
-COP has tried to create requirements for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
-the paris agreement aims for all countries to reduce their greenhouse emissions
-however, some countries did not sign the Paris agreement (Trump denied climate change)
67
A criticism of the WEF about climate change commitments
-members of the WEF believe reducing emissions as a target is biased towards developing/emerging countries as developed countries have the highest emissions over time and developing countries need it for development.
68
state current things abt COP27
-Being held in Egypt
-Russia provides non-renewables, people have sided with Ukraine causing gas prices to rise, this has led to economic instability in some countries.
69
how do development, quality of government and corruption relate
poor quality of gov= high levels of corruption = lack of development
70
there is a vicious cycle between corruption and equality which leads to...3
-a vicious cycle between corruption
-unequal distribution of power in society
-unequal distribution of wealth
71
what are the 5 least corrupt countries
-Denmark
-New Zealand
-Finland
-Sweden
-Norway
72
what are the 5 most corrupt countries
-Somalia
-North Korea
-Afghanistan
-Sudan and South Sudan (look prior** split in half due to conflict)
73
what are the 4 ways that superpowers have degraded the environment
-landscape scarring
-air pollution and acid rain
-oil spills
-deforestation (food)
74
ways which superpowers degrade the environment:
landscape scarring
-open cast mining (valuable materials)
-contaminated groundwater
-UK mines reopened as global price of tungsten increased
-open mine casting removes vegetation
75
ways which superpowers degrade the environment:
air pollution and acid rain
-250 Chinese cities affected by acid rain in 2003 (cost $13 billion)
-chemical weathering of natural and building materials
76
ways which superpowers degrade the environment:
oil spills
- - at the Gulf of Mexico, 450 litres were released (Deepwater horizon)
- polluting of sea and coastline
- loss of marine life
77
ways which superpowers degrade the environment:
deforestation (food)
- Brazils food production increased by 30% 2002-2012
-estimated that 15% of the Amazon has been cut down for agriculture
78
why does Kiribati need help
-there are environmental refugees
- their land is being covered due to climate change
-it has a low GDP so cant fund itself
79
what IGOs could be involved with Kiribati in dealing with climate change
-COP
-IPPC (intergovernmental panel on climate change)
-UNEP (UN environment programme
80
what are the ways in which IGOs could be involved in helping Kiribati
-to promote scientific understanding of climate change and the causes and threats.
-to promote global strats. to stabilise emissions
-allow for richer nations to support poorer ones
81
why should IGOs give assistance to Kiribati
-to ensure the threat of climate change doesn't increase
-to promote global cooperation
82
what nations could be involved with Kiribati in dealing with climate change
Australia and New Zealand
-the USA, Australia, China and India (biggest emitters of CO2 globally)
83
what are the ways in which nations could be involved in helping Kiribati
-committing to a global greenhouse gas reduction (adaptation and mitigation strats)
-Australia should give support to neighbouring countries (soft and hard engineering
-Australia and New Zealand have offered citizenship to Kiribati citizens
-China and India have made more commitments to climate change
84
why should nations give assistance to Kiribati
-to support combatting climate change and protecting other SIDs (small island countries)
-to show genuine support
-global commitment to reducing climate change
85
social impacts of climate change
- environmental refugees caused by sea level rise in Kiribati
-depletion of freshwater by infiltration of saltwater
-pollution in china due to worsened air quality
-lower crop yields-> food insecurity due to drought
-Nile delta= people displaced (6 million)
86
economic impacts of climate change
-$6.5 billion lost per year in Philippines due to flooding
-costal flooding (Holderness coast) due to sea level rise
-unemployment in Philippines due to this
87
environmental impacts of climate change
-melting permafrost
-Amazonian rainforest cleared in Equator for Chinas resource consumption
-warmer seas= more tropical storms
-ecosystems destroyed.
-species lost
88
what is the middle class
-the social group between the 'upper' and 'working' classes, including professional and business people and their families
-they have a reasonable amount of disposable income
-consumer goods are bought, also pay for healthcare and children's education
89
what can a large superpower footprint cause
- a rise in demand for energy and resources is due to increased wealth and standard of living for superpowers/ emerging nations.
this can lead to impacts such as:
-global environmental damage
-river pollution
-deforestation
-desertification
-high carbon footprint during transport of these goods
-landscape scarring (mining)
-Artic may be exploited
90
superpower solutions, what has been installed to prevent environmental exploitation
-climate agreements
-paris agreement
-COP27
-WEF
-UK-> ULEZ
91
Name some of the countries that have legally committed to reach net zero emissions by 2050.
The UK, Norway, France and New Zealand
92
the EU in tackling climate change:
whats the EU Emissions Trading Scheme
the first major carbon trading market and remains the biggest one today *
93
how has the USA responded to climate change
-been more reluctant to lead on climate change
-failure to ratify the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.
-recent shift towards conventional resources *
94
who was the worlds largest carbon emitter in 2007
china
95
what agreement was made in COP27
the UN wants to meet net zero by 2050
96
what does SIDs stand for
Small Island Developing states
97
what are SIDs
- SIDs are a group of developing islands that share similar sustainable development challenges
98
what UN members are part of SIDs
- Hati, Barbados, Kiribati, Maldives, Fiji
99
what percentage does China account for in terms of coal consumption
China accounts for 50% of the worlds coal consumption
100
how is China becoming a world leader in renewable energies
-the renewable energy law was created (2005)
-The three Gorges dam and the Gobi Solar Park was created
101
What are the 3 reasons why China is facing water scarcity
-population increase
-pollution
-less efficient agriculture
-decrease in flows of rivers
102
what 4 things does an increase in disposable income create (apply to China)
-changes to diet- eat more meat and more (less efficient production of food)
-more piped water, increased use of water domestically but also for agriculture and industry
-use more energy (transport, holidays, electrical appliances)
-increased demand for high tech products using specialist material "rare earth".
103
due to the rise of the middle class, what is China doing to facilitate this
-tried to buy up countries overseas or by investing in sub-Saharan Africa to supply commodities
-China is trying to guarantee supplies for itself
--in 2007, an oil company in China became a main shareholder of Petrokazakstan which allowed China to gain oil reserves
104
due to the westernization of China, how has meat consumption increased
meat consumption increased by 99%
105
due to the westernization of China, how has perfume consumption increased
perfume consumption up by 133%
106
what has China utilized to meet the demands for foods, minerals and energy
-neo-colonialism
