migration EQ2 Flashcards
1
Q
Define state
A
an independent sovereign country with defined boundaries and terriorty
2
Q
Define nation
A
A group of people who share a common identity, such as culture, language, history and often feel connected to a particular area or homeland — even if they don’t have their own independent country eg kurds in turkey
3
Q
what is dependent territory
A
Dependencies, including Greenland (belongs to Denmark), Hong Kong (belongs to China) and Jersey have self-government for many aspects of governance but lack full sovereignty
4
Q
define sovereignty
A
The ability of a place and its people to self-govern without any outside interference: this might relate to global flows (people, ideas, commodities) and participation in global agreements.
5
Q
what is a nation state
A
the state is a political and geographical entity; the nation is a cultural and/ or ethnic entity. Nations share common cultural characteristics
the term “nation state” implies that the two geographically coincide, and this distinguishes the nation state from the other types of state.
In some cases, the geographical boundaries of an ethnic population and political state largely coincide. In this case there is little immigration
6
Q
what is an example of culturally homogenous groups of people without a state?
A
examples of culturally homogenous groups of people without a state are the Kurdish territories in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria
7
Q
whats a diaspora
A
a dispersed population of people from their home country
8
Q
what is the ethic mix of Iceland and what influences this
A
-Homogenous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%
-Population of foreign origin= 6%
-geographical location and remoteness influences this
9
Q
what is the ethic mix of Japan and what influences this
A
-Japanese= 98.5%, Koreans= 0.5%, Chinese=0.4%, other=0.6%
influenced by Japans immigration policy
10
Q
what is the ethnic mix of Singapore and what influences this
A
-Chinese=76.8%, Malay=13.9%, Indian= 7.9%, other= 1.4%
influenced by colonialism
11
Q
what is the ethnic mix of the UK and what influences this
A
very diverse
influenced by colonisation, connectivity and trade and assimilation policies (aim to homogenize the population)
12
Q
How many ethnic groups are in Nigeria
A
more than 250 ethnic groups are present
13
Q
what are the 3 ways in which national borders emerge?
A
either natural (obstacles such as rivers, lakes or mountains), have emerged historically over time or are as a result of colonial history/ political intervention
14
Q
name an example where colonial history/ political intervention caused borders to emerge
A
At a conference in Berlin in 1884/5 a discussion surrounding dividing up the continent of Africa occurred. 50 countries were created along geometric boundaries.
15
Q
what is the ethnic consumption in Iceland
A
94% are a homogenous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts. Population of foreign origin= 6%
Most Islandic surnames record the fathers first name
16
Q
what is the ethnic consumption in Singapore
A
-74% Chinese 13% Malay 9% Indian
population growth was largely due to immigration particularly from China but also from India and Malaysia
Singapore is divided into 4 distinctive ethnic areas:
- European town (Europeans and wealthy Asians)
- Chinatown (Chinese majority)
- Chulia Kampon (Indian Hindus/ Sikhs)
- Kampong Glam (Muslim and Arab)
17
Q
what are the cultural beliefs in Iceland
A
- all Children’s names must come from an approved list
-The islandic language has remained unchanged since 870AD
-74% of Icelanders belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland
18
Q
What is the linguistic diversity or unity in Iceland
A
laws protect cultural heritage and national identity
There is a system put in place since the Vikings
The language is hard to learn
19
Q
why do not many people migrate to Iceland
A
-language is hard to learn
-few economic opportunities
-Climate deters migrants
20
Q
what are the cultural beliefs in Singapore
A
- Mix of different religions
-diverse beliefs
21
Q
what is the linguistic diversity or unity in Singapore
A
This country possesses a vibrant mix of languages, cultures, religions, festivals and foods.
The Singaporean government has tried to generate a national identity, largely based in Asian values but many Singaporeans have their own ideas that contradict the governments.
22
Q
what are the historical factors that decided Singapore’s social composition
A
A British colonial trading post established Singapore and allowed for population growth.
-Multicultural past
-There were periods of Japanese and Malaysian rule
23
Q
why do many people migrate to Singapore
A
it was a british trading post and its prosperity attracted many migrants
24
Q
what 3 people make up Rwanda
A
the Tutsi, Hutu and Twa
25
describe when conflict arose when minority ethnic groups were not taken into account
-When Belgium took over Rwanda,
26
how did nation states start to emerge in Europe from the 19th century and then in the late 20th to early 21st century
end of the 19th century= most European states had emerged in one form or another
late 20th and early 21st century- closer economic and political ties were creates which has diluted the importance of national borders
27
how is nationalism present currently from 2017
28 states share formal political legal and economic ties and their population can move freely between them-> many EU citizens now consider themselves European first and their national identity second
-**link to EU Schengen agreement and Brexit**
28
name some events which have contributed to the emergence of Europe's nationalism
-1871 : the unification of many small independent states resulted in the formation of modern countries of Italy and Germany
-1919 : the treaty of Versailles, which ended WW1 led to the break up of the Austro- Hungarian and ottoman empires and created many new nation states
-1945 : the United Nations formed which led to strengthened economic and political ties
29
what is nationalism
nationalism is based on peoples identification with a nation in belief that they share a common identity, language, history and customs that bind them together.
They tend to promote their country and are prepared to defend it, even to extend its boundaries
30
how did the French revolution show nationalism
-The French revolution brought the poorer community together when they were yearning for change. it removed absolute power of the French monarchy and instead placed power in the hands of ordinary citizens.
-A new national government made laws that applied to everyone equally, and a standardised form of French was taught across the whole country to replace local dialects.
-In turn, loyalty towards France as a nation grew and a new national identity emerged
31
what is an example of Indian nationalism
in 1919, British troops massacred unarmed protests in India which led to Indian nationalism
32
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33
q
34
what happened to the British Empire post WW2
-The British empire started to lose power
-lots of spending occurred on military -> less money available to help develop other countries
-Anti-colonial movements
35
how did Vietnam gain independence
The nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh reclaimed Vietnam from French rule, this helped gain independence.
Vietnam was divided by Vietnamese nationalists (who where supported by communist China) and the independent non-communist rule was supported by US troops, a war then occurred, 1-4 million Vietnamese were killed and an independent united Vietnam emerged
36
how did conflict emerge in Vietnam
- After 1945, Vietnamese nationalists increasingly challenged French rule.
-The USA was concerned about the spread of communism in SE Asia.
-Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel where Vietnamese nationalists were supported by the communist China and the independent non-communist rule was supported by US troops.
37
what were the events leading to independence in Sudan
-original borders were drawn up by Berlin conference which was at benefit for colonial powers
-North Sudan was modernised by Britain.
-Sudan became independent in **1956** but there was a civil war both before and after.
-South Sudan became an independent state in 2005 and a new country in 2011
38
why did conflict emerge in Sudan
- difference between wealth in North Sudan and South Sudan (socio-economic tensions)
- many different tribal groups are unable to cooperate leading to civil war
-Govs caused tens and thousands to leave their home and take refugee elsewhere.
-famine due to extensive drought
-2 civil wards since independence, historical ethnic tension.
39
what are common wealth nations
a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire
40
how did the UK gain migrants after ww2 as they had labour shortages
-In 1948, the British Nationality Act gave all commonwealth citizens the right to British citizenship which meant that they could legally settle in the UK.
41
what are some current day colonial ties seen in the UK due to migration
-Notting hill carnival and Brixton link to the Windrush generation (ethnic enclaves)
-Hounslow and Ealing have many Indian and Pakistani residents who arrived after the Windrush gen. Workers settled here due to jobs at Heathrow (ethnic enclaves)
42
define chain migrations
migration from particular countries or even parts of countries settle in the area-> cultural mosaic of people from different ethnicities.
43
what is a heterogenous mix of people
a diverse mix of people (UK current day
44
what is a homogenous mix of people
a lack of diversity
45
what are tax havens
tax havens are typically small, well governed states that impose low or zero tax rates on foreign investors. Countries like the Bahamas, Bermuda, Oman and Saudi Arabia and the Cayman Isalnds are tax havens
46
some members of the OECD resemble tax havens closely but are not listed as tax havens, instead, what are they called?
they are defined as OECD tax havens- examples include Ireland, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Switzerland
47
what is the OECD?
OECD= organisation for economic cooperative development
it is a unique forum where the governments of 34 democracies with market companies work with each other to promote **economic growth, prosperity and sustainable development**
48
what are the Cayman Isalnds
the Cyaman islands, a British overseas territory, encompasses 3 islands in the western Caribbean sea. Grand Cayman, the largest island is best known for its beach resorts and varied scuba diving and snorkelling sites.
49
define privatisation
the transfer of a business, industry or service from public to private ownership and control
50
define deregulation
the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry
51
define ex-patriates
a person who lives outside their native country
52
explore some facts based on the Cayman Islands as a tax haven
-wealthy individuals and companies hide their money here to avoid paying taxes.
-financial centres now generate 55% of the islands GDP (experienced FDI)
-In 2015, the average GDP per capita there was $58,800 which is the worlds 14th highest (disposable income)
-40 of the worlds top investment banks and insurance companies were licenced there in 2014.
53
describe how tax havens are deemed as controversial
-some argue that companies and individuals can avoid paying taxes in the very countries that enabled them to earn their wealth in the first place
-many NGOs have raised objections and in 2015, the EU declared that the ability of TNCs to move revenues earned throughout the EU to low-tax member states like Ireland was unfair.
54
explain the example of where NGOs revealed the extensive use of tax havens by French banks
five French national banks In 2014 declared to have profits of 45 million euros, without having a single employee there.
-allowed France to gain a stronger economic base but also hinders their superpower status due to disagreements and discrepancies.
55
How many tax havens does the UK control
the UK controls one third of the worlds tax havens.
The Queen is on the bank notes of countries such as The British Virgin islands, The Cayman Islands and Bermuda
56
explain how global inequalities may have been seen as a threat to the global economic system
one factor that has contributed to global inequality is tax havens (typically small, well governed states that impose low or zero tax rates on foreign investors.
-tax havens benefit affluent people as they are able to hide their money
-although global wealth has increased, this has not been evenly distributed and has led to growing inequalities and an extension of the development gap
-income growth has disproportionately benefitted OECD countries and the global elite
-uneven distribution in wealth threatens economic stability in countries with the largest wealth gaps (measured by the Gini coefficient)
-the uneven distribution of wealth threatens the economy in developing countries as education and work declines leading to switched off countries unable to enter technological revolution*
-global inequalities are a threat to world momentary systems.
57
what do the EU policies aim for
aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods and services, and capital within the international market. To maintain common policies on trade and aid regional development.
Within the Schengen area, passport controls have been abolished
58
when was OPEC founded and how many members does it have currently
it was founded in 1960 and currently has 14 members
59
as of 2016 what percent did OPEC members account for in terms on ownership of oil reserves
as of 2016, OPEC members accounted for 73% of the worlds proven oil reserves
60
when was NAFTA founded and who formed it?
How much of global GDP does it account for?
it was formed in 1994 by Canada. Mexico and the USA and accounts for 21% of global GDP
61
what is a negative of NAFTA as a trade bloc
the agreement brought problems for US manufacturing workers whose jobs were relocated to Mexico and Mexican farmers were unable to compete with US agribusiness
62
in the EU, when was a single currency introduced
in 2002
63
what is the aim of OPEC
To " coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilisation of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum for consumers, a steady income to producers and a fair return on capital for investors"
64
when did the UK announce its intention to leave the EU
In 2017
65
since the creation of the EU, by how much have employment levels increased?
over its lifetime, employment levels have increased by 23%
66
what is the main aim of the NAFTA trade bloc
The main aim was to reduce tariffs on goods traded between the countries but it also protects the intellectual property rights of companies trading within the bloc, coordinates environmental regulation and promotes the construction of railways, roads and pipelines between the countries.
67
in terms of immigration, why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
Britain cant control immigration until it leaves the EU because EU citizens have the automatic right to live here
**stay:**
leaving will not solve the immigration crisis
68
in terms of crime, why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
exit would stop British citizens being sent abroad and charged for crimes
**stay:**
exit would stop justice from being done
69
in terms of trade, why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
Leaving would allow Britain to diversify its trade links with China or India
**stay:**
over 40% of Britain's exports go to other EU countries, it would be counterproductive to leave
70
in terms of law, why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
-too many of Britain's laws are made overseas and it must become sovereign again
**stay:**
-the exit campaign has overexaggerated how many laws have been made overseas
71
in terms of jobs , why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
the danger to jobs has been overexaggerated . By gaining investment through low tax, Britain can flourish like Scandinavian countries.
**stay:**
around 3 million jobs are linked the EU and will be plunged into uncertainty . Businesses are less likely to invest if the country is outside of Europe
72
in terms of clout, why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
Britain does not need the EU to prosper internally. By re-engaging with the Commonwealth, clout can be gained
**stay:**
in a globalising world, the UKs interests are best protected in part of the EU block
73
in terms of finance, why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
London will still remain as a leading financial centre outside the EU and banks will still want to be headquartered in Britain due to low tax rates
**stay:**
Banks will flee the UK and City of London if Britain votes for exit as being inside the EU helps boost banks profits
74
in terms of soverginity, why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
The British Parliament is no longer sovereign
**stay:**
in a globalised world, countries must work closer together if they want to flourish economically (trade ties and alliances)
75
in terms of defence, why should the UK:
leave?
stay?
**leave:**
Britain could be soon asked to contribute to a EU Army, this would erode the UKs independent military force
**stay:**
Working together to combat challenges is best (Russia conflict)
76
what are the 3 main trade blocs
NAFTA, ASEAN, EU
77
What are the general advantages of trade bloc memberships
+free trade within the bloc
+trade routes and trade relationships
+bigger markets (Tescos have beneficially expanded into other EU countries)
+national firms can merge to form TNCs
+protection from foreign competitors and political stability
+helps protect intellectual property rights
+encourages FDI
+access to knowledge & technology
+cultural diffusion
+promotes peace & alliance
78
What are the general disadvantages of trade bloc memberships
-loss of sovereignty
-non-members frozen out of trade
-administration cost
-interdependence; disruption to trade could affect an economy
-trade wars (Russia and Ukraine)
-loss of benefits of wider global trade
-inefficiencies and trade diversion
-more catered towards larger countries
79
state some features about the EU trade bloc
- a single market trade bloc composed of 27 members
-allows countries to invest in each other
-fewer border restrictions= more nefarious deeds
-the og political aim was to integrate economies so that interdependence prevents war
-less hassle travelling
-guarantees the free movement of goods, capital and people.
80
state some features about the ASEAN trade bloc
-Its a free trade bloc with a population of 625 million
- A uniform low tariff is applied between members for specified goods. Its working towards the elimination of tariffs sector by sector.
-agreed to create a single market by 2015 but this wasn't achieved
-Pledged to remain nuclear free in 1995
-aims to coordinate a response to regional political issues
-struggled to form a cohesive response to Chinas claims in the South China sea
81
state some features about the NAFTA trade bloc
-made up of Canada, Mexico and the US
-aims to reduce barriers for trade
-accounts for 21% of global GDP
-Lowered prices so less risk of inflation
-created jobs for the US
-FDI
-around 680,000 US manufacturing jobs lost
-Mexican farmers and businesses put out of business
-forced Mexicans to cross the border illegally
82
outline the flowchart that shows increasing integration by decreasing sovereignty.
**Free trade area**
-No internal trade barriers
-Individual members retain their own currencies and economic policies.
↓
**customs union**
-no internal trade barriers
-common external tariffs
↓
**single market**
-no internal trade barriers
-common external tariffs and free movement of labour
--a common currency?
↓
**Political union**
-total unity- individual nations fuse as one: national boundaries disappear.
-total freedom of movement of goods, services, labour and capital.
-common economic and defence policies
83
define comparative advantage
comparative advantage refers to the winners when it comes to globalisation. They have the infrastructure and goods to be winners. They are able to compete in all primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors. They have a good level of technology and goods
84
when does a countries sovereignty decrease
As a country becomes more politically involved in other political organisations/ become more integrated on a global scale (joining trade blocs), their sovereignty decreases.
85
how do you measure inequality in a country
by using the lorenz curve
86
describe the lorenz curve
-the closer the Lorenz curve comes to the 45 degree line, the more equally distributed the income is
-when you divide the area above the curve by the area below the curve, you get a number that economists use to compare countries (called the gini coefficient). The lower the number, the more equally distributed the income.
87
How has Bolivia's government ensured economic stability
Bolivia is allied with other South American countries turning left away from the neo-liberal Washington consensus which was dubbed 'pink tide'.
88
what are the actions of Bolivia
-kicked out US TNC Betchel over water privatisation fiasco (2002)- water security
-Nationalised the country's gas and oil industries (2007) - access to natural resources and energy security
-Expelled US agencies and ambassadors and called Barack Obama "an imperialist" (2014) - Hindered US superpower status
89
Globalisation as an elephant:
what is the x axis
what is the y axis
x axis- percentile of global income distribution
y axis-real increase
90
Globalisation as an elephant:
what countries does the tail represent
represents the poorest countries locked out of growth
91
Globalisation as an elephant:
what countries does the major hump represent
representative of China as most growth has occurred here due to the global shift
92
Globalisation as an elephant:
what does the trunk moving downwards represent
shows the decline of developed world countries due to the global shift and loss of income and employment
93
Globalisation as an elephant:
what does the tip of the trunk represent
represents the richest individuals around the globe
94
how did Bolivia reduce its inequality and reduce its wealth gap?
-In 2006, Evo Morales was elected to turn against neo-liberalism and undo 20 years of privatization (profits for TNCs which leaked out of the country)
- He also aimed to undo the influence of IMF and thus SAPs (link to privatization of water in Tanzania)
-Bolivia then established the National Coalition for Change
-from public owned to private owned
95
Bolivia established the National Coalition for Change, what were the aims?
-to nationalize resources= increased gov profit and gov spending so better resources, healthcare and education.
-to reduce primary exports and use these to boost domestic manufacturing= less dependencies on other countries and stable income
-to redistribute wealth by guaranteeing food prices for food products= food security
96
in Bolivia, what percent did demand for domestically manufactured goods sustain annual growth by between 2006 and 2012
demand for domestically manufactured goods sustained annual growth by over 5% between 2006 and 2012
