migration EQ2 Flashcards
Define state
a territory over which no other country holds power or sovereignty. Based on this definition, the UN recognised 146* states in 2016, with South Sudan being the most recent addition (in 2012)
Define nation
A territorialized group of people who may lack sovereignty. This includes the Scottish and Welsh nations that are part of the UK, which is a sovereign state
what is dependent territory
Dependencies, including Greenland (belongs to Denmark), Hong Kong (belongs to China) and Jersey have self-government for many aspects of governance but lack full sovereignty
define sovereignty
The ability of a place and its people to self-govern without any outside interference: this might relate to global flows (people, ideas, commodities) and participation in global agreements.
what is a nation state
the state is a political and geographical entity; the nation is a cultural and/ or ethnic entity. Nations share common cultural characteristics
the term “nation state” implies that the two geographically coincide, and this distinguishes the nation state from the other types of state.
In some cases, the geographical boundaries of an ethnic population and political state largely coincide. In this case there is little immigration
what is an example of culturally homogenous groups of people without a state?
examples of culturally homogenous groups of people without a state are the Kurdish territories in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria
whats a diaspora
a dispersed population of people from their home country
what is the ethic mix of Iceland and what influences this
-Homogenous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%
-Population of foreign origin= 6%
-geographical location and remoteness influences this
what is the ethic mix of Japan and what influences this
-Japanese= 98.5%, Koreans= 0.5%, Chinese=0.4%, other=0.6%
influenced by Japans immigration policy
what is the ethnic mix of Singapore and what influences this
-Chinese=76.8%, Malay=13.9%, Indian= 7.9%, other= 1.4%
influenced by colonialism
what is the ethnic mix of the UK and what influences this
very diverse
influenced by colonisation, connectivity and trade and assimilation policies (aim to homogenize the population)
How many ethnic groups are in Nigeria
more than 250 ethnic groups are present
what are the 3 ways in which national borders emerge?
either natural (obstacles such as rivers, lakes or mountains), have emerged historically over time or are as a result of colonial history/ political intervention
name an example where colonial history/ political intervention caused borders to emerge
At a conference in Berlin in 1884/5 a discussion surrounding dividing up the continent of Africa occurred. 50 countries were created along geometric boundaries.
what is the ethnic consumption in Iceland
94% are a homogenous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts. Population of foreign origin= 6%
Most Islandic surnames record the fathers first name
what is the ethnic consumption in Singapore
-74% Chinese 13% Malay 9% Indian
population growth was largely due to immigration particularly from China but also from India and Malaysia
Singapore is divided into 4 distinctive ethnic areas:
- European town (Europeans and wealthy Asians)
- Chinatown (Chinese majority)
- Chulia Kampon (Indian Hindus/ Sikhs)
- Kampong Glam (Muslim and Arab)
what are the cultural beliefs in Iceland
- all Children’s names must come from an approved list
-The islandic language has remained unchanged since 870AD
-74% of Icelanders belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland
What is the linguistic diversity or unity in Iceland
laws protect cultural heritage and national identity
There is a system put in place since the Vikings
The language is hard to learn
why do not many people migrate to Iceland
-language is hard to learn
-few economic opportunities
-Climate deters migrants
what are the cultural beliefs in Singapore
- Mix of different religions
-diverse beliefs
what is the linguistic diversity or unity in Singapore
This country possesses a vibrant mix of languages, cultures, religions, festivals and foods.
The Singaporean government has tried to generate a national identity, largely based in Asian values but many Singaporeans have their own ideas that contradict the governments.
what are the historical factors that decided Singapore’s social composition
A British colonial trading post established Singapore and allowed for population growth.
-Multicultural past
-There were periods of Japanese and Malaysian rule
why do many people migrate to Singapore
it was a british trading post and its prosperity attracted many migrants
what 3 people make up Rwanda
the Tutsi, Hutu and Twa
describe when conflict arose when minority ethnic groups were not taken into account
-When Belgium took over Rwanda,
how did nation states start to emerge in Europe from the 19th century and then in the late 20th to early 21st century
end of the 19th century= most European states had emerged in one form or another
late 20th and early 21st century- closer economic and political ties were creates which has diluted the importance of national borders
how is nationalism present currently from 2017
28 states share formal political legal and economic ties and their population can move freely between them-> many EU citizens now consider themselves European first and their national identity second
-link to EU Schengen agreement and Brexit
name some events which have contributed to the emergence of Europe’s nationalism
-1871 : the unification of many small independent states resulted in the formation of modern countries of Italy and Germany
-1919 : the treaty of Versailles, which ended WW1 led to the break up of the Austro- Hungarian and ottoman empires and created many new nation states
-1945 : the United Nations formed which led to strengthened economic and political ties
what is nationalism
nationalism is based on peoples identification with a nation in belief that they share a common identity, language, history and customs that bind them together.
They tend to promote their country and are prepared to defend it, even to extend its boundaries
how did the French revolution show nationalism
-The French revolution brought the poorer community together when they were yearning for change. it removed absolute power of the French monarchy and instead placed power in the hands of ordinary citizens.
-A new national government made laws that applied to everyone equally, and a standardised form of French was taught across the whole country to replace local dialects.
-In turn, loyalty towards France as a nation grew and a new national identity emerged
what is an example of Indian nationalism
in 1919, British troops massacred unarmed protests in India which led to Indian nationalism
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what happened to the British Empire post WW2
-The British empire started to lose power
-lots of spending occurred on military -> less money available to help develop other countries
-Anti-colonial movements
how did Vietnam gain independence
The nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh reclaimed Vietnam from French rule, this helped gain independence.
Vietnam was divided by Vietnamese nationalists (who where supported by communist China) and the independent non-communist rule was supported by US troops, a war then occurred, 1-4 million Vietnamese were killed and an independent united Vietnam emerged
how did conflict emerge in Vietnam
- After 1945, Vietnamese nationalists increasingly challenged French rule.
-The USA was concerned about the spread of communism in SE Asia.
-Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel where Vietnamese nationalists were supported by the communist China and the independent non-communist rule was supported by US troops.
what were the events leading to independence in Sudan
-original borders were drawn up by Berlin conference which was at benefit for colonial powers
-North Sudan was modernised by Britain.
-Sudan became independent in 1956 but there was a civil war both before and after.
-South Sudan became an independent state in 2005 and a new country in 2011
why did conflict emerge in Sudan
- difference between wealth in North Sudan and South Sudan (socio-economic tensions)
- many different tribal groups are unable to cooperate leading to civil war
-Govs caused tens and thousands to leave their home and take refugee elsewhere.
-famine due to extensive drought
-2 civil wards since independence, historical ethnic tension.
