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EDEXCEL GEOGRAPHY > superpowers > Flashcards

superpowers Flashcards

1
Q

define regional power

A

a state that has power within a geographic region like Europe, Africa etc.

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2
Q

what is are examples of a regional power?

A
  • Germany
  • Brazil
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3
Q

define emerging power

A

the emerging power (usually economic) of a country that used to be less economically developed

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4
Q

what is an example of an emerging power?

A
  • China
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5
Q

define superpower

A

a state that has the ability to exert its influence and power through economic or military means at any time

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6
Q

what is an example of a superpower country?

A
  • USA
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7
Q

define geostrategic

A

the strategy required in dealing with geopolitical problems

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8
Q

define geopolitics

A

politics, especially international relations. as influenced by geographical factors

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9
Q

what factors make a superpower?

A
  • population
  • language
  • natural resources
  • energy potential
  • economic strength
  • military strength
  • size/land area
  • cultural
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10
Q

how does language influence a superpower?

A
  • English is has the most speakers worldwide, which is spread by globalisation
  • using English in the media and literature gives more power
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11
Q

how can population influence a superpower?

A
  • economic growth cant be sustained without a large workforce.
  • HOWEVER Singapore has a small population but has significant economic growth
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12
Q

how can size/land area influence a superpower?

A
  • access to more natural resources
  • extend influence over a larger number of neighbours
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13
Q

how can military strength influence a superpower?

A
  • larger military could mean more power
  • HOWEVER the types of weapon owned will also influence this
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14
Q

how can economic strength influence a superpower?

A
  • larger economies have more power
  • using the world’s most powerful currencies
  • can control investment
  • the G20 can influence and control the global economy to benefit themselves
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15
Q

how can energy potential influence a superpower?

A
  • having energy security and a diverse mix with renewables will be more powerful
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16
Q

how can culture influence a superpower?

A
  • religious leaders can influence politics
  • capitalism can influence the world
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17
Q

how can natural resources influence a superpower?

A
  • having resources for economic development creates power
  • HOWEVER exporting raw materials has a low value, TNCs control more resources than states
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18
Q

what are the 4 main types of power in geopolitics?

A
  • political
  • military
  • economic
  • cultural
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19
Q

what is political power?

A

being able to exert political influence and control on an international level

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20
Q

what is an example of political power?

A
  • the G8 countries
  • USA sanctions on Russia over Syria and Ukraine conflicts
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21
Q

what is military power?

A

being able to enforce your military strength whenever or wherever you see fit globally

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22
Q

what is economic power?

A

being able to buy, control or enforce yourself by economic means internationally

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23
Q

what is cultural power?

A

using your country’s unique culture and identity to attract or persuade people to buy into it from anywhere in the world

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24
Q

what is an example of military power?

A

Russia invading Ukraine

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25
Q

what is an example of economic power?

A

the space race between USA, China and Russia

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26
Q

what is an example of cultural power?

A

McDonalds restaurants are in 68 countries

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27
Q

what is hard power?

A

power through force or coercion and likely to involve military power or economic sanctions

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28
Q

what is soft power?

A

exerting influence through favour and persuasion and therefore likely to be based on cultural power

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29
Q

how has the USA’s military made it a superpower?

A
  • they have 800 military bases globally
  • large military spending
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30
Q

how has the USA’s economy made it a superpower?

A
  • promotes free trade
  • majority of TNCs have headquarters in the USA
  • avoided economic ruin after WW2 despite being involves
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31
Q

how has the USA’s culture made it a superpower?

A
  • westernization
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32
Q

how has the USA’s geography made it a superpower?

A
  • large land area
  • territories worldwide
  • East and West coastlines provide connections to Europe and Asia
  • natural resources and geothermal energy
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33
Q

how has the USA’s institutions made it a superpower?

A
  • Bretton Woods institutions
  • NATO
  • United Nations
  • have had a large role in writing global laws and legislations, which can be made to suit themselves
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34
Q

describe the Heartland theory

A

the idea that whoever controlled Europe and Asia would control the world, as they were the largest land masses

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35
Q

what is the soft power index?

A

an index based on data from government, culture, global engagement, enterprise and digital, alongside international polling data

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36
Q

define propaganda

A

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view

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37
Q

what is an example of hard power?

A
  • trade embargo
  • economic sanctions
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38
Q

what is an example of soft power?

A

the global dominance of the USA through TNCs and media

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39
Q

define colonial

A

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another county, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

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40
Q

define imperialism

A

a policy extending a county’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force or other means

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41
Q

define colonisation

A

the physical settling of people from a colonial power within their country

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42
Q

define spheres of influence

A

a large geographic area of the world in which another country has power to affect developments even though it has no formal authority

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43
Q

define unipolar

A

when one state exercises the most of the cultural, economic, and military power and influence over the rest

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44
Q

define bipolar

A

when two nations exercise the most of the cultural, economic, and military power and influence over the rest

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45
Q

define multipolar

A

when multiple countries exercise the most of the cultural, economic, and military power and influence over the rest

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46
Q

define evangelism

A

the spreading of Christianity through missionaries

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47
Q

When was the British Empire

A

1583-1997 approx.

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48
Q

When was the British Empire at its peak?

A

Around 1922.

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49
Q

How did the British Empire maintain their power?

A
  • strong military
  • evangelism
  • slavery
  • industrial revolution
  • main transoceanic cables were controlled in London
  • adding new colonies to prevent existing ones from rebelling
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50
Q

How did the British Empire use military control in India as a way of maintaining power?

A

British soldiers led Indian troops who then helped to build the British Empire. Rebellion by Indian citizens was met with Savage retaliation.

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51
Q

How did the British Empire use political control in India as a way of maintaining power?

A

They signed a treaty with the Indian Princes, allowing them to still control their land. However, Britain then stripped them of his power. But they let them keep their palace

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52
Q

How did the British Empire use cultural control in India as a way of maintaining power?

A

British culture took over in everyday practises. British architecture was used. 1897 Diamond Jubilee involved Indian soldiers.

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53
Q

Why did the British government have very little choice but to grant India for dependence after World War Two?

A
  • Uprisings in India meant few people backed the British Empire making it harder for British to maintain power.
  • Britain were financially unable to continue to rule and look after India as a result of World War Two.
  • for Britain to get economic and social funding from their Allies the USA, after World War 2, they would need to stop their colonial rule
  • Britain were losing control in India due to the 1945 government of India Act which meant Indian politicians were gaining power.
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54
Q

Why did the British Empire fall?

A
  • After World War Two, Britain could no longer afford an empire.
  • the Navy was no longer strong enough to protect all of it.
  • There was a strong independence movement across the empire
  • Treaty of Versailles promoted the right to rule yourself making it difficult for Britain to support this movement when they had colonies which couldn’t rule themselves.
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55
Q

What evidence is there to display the continuing influence of the British Empire?

A
  • Foreign artefacts with disputed ownership in the British Museum
  • anger towards Britain as a result of large scale death from the Bengal famine
  • The divide between India and Pakistan resulting in the separation of families and religion which had once coexisted together.
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56
Q

Define Alliance.

A

A union or association formed the mutual benefit, especially between countries or organisations.

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57
Q

Define indirect control.

A

Where one country will have some form of control (economic, social or legal) over another without directly dealing with them

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58
Q

When was the Cold War era

A

Between 1945 and 1990.

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59
Q

who were the main superpowers in the Cold War era.

A
  • USA
  • USSR (soviet union)
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60
Q

What are the features of capitalism?

A
  • freedom of speech
  • private ownership
  • uneven share of wealth
  • elections held, democracy
  • separation between church and state
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61
Q

What are the features of communism?

A
  • heavily restricted speech and media
  • government/ state owned
  • equal wealth
  • tight control
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62
Q

What are some key comparisons between the USA and USSO?

A

The USA was a capitalist nation with NATO as allies whereas the USSR was communist with allies in Eastern Europe via the Warsaw pact.

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63
Q

What is the iron curtain?

A

The term given to the imaginary line drawn between communism in the east and the Democratic governments in the West. It was built to prevent any future invasion of Soviet Russia. with the aim to preserve cultures and ideology, preventing the free flow of people.

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64
Q

Where can the iron wall be seen?

A

It is marked by the Berlin Wall, highlighting the divide between East and West Germany.

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65
Q

What influences has the USA had in the bipolar world?

A
  • The USA is a member of nato, which provides political and military power.
  • economic influence through the Marshall Plan, which saw the USA providing large amounts of financial aid to Western European countries after World War Two. Alongside an inward investment into countries to promote economic development and prevent the spread of communism. The USA also held cultural influence through film and the media.
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66
Q

what influences has the USSR had in the bipolar world?

A

The USSR had nuclear weapons and military alliances through the Warsaw Pact, which provided a buffer between the West. The USSR had heavy political influence in Eastern European countries and invested heavily in its allies. The USSR used propaganda to portray the USA as immoral

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67
Q

Why did the Soviet Union lose the Cold War?

A
  • The USSR had an economy that was about half the size of the USA
  • The Cold War became a nuclear arms race.
  • proxy war costs military advisers and aid heavily
  • The USSR also invested heavily in weaponizing outer space.
68
Q

How is power exercised in the post colonial era?

A
  • Militarily through wars
  • politically through the USAs attempt to prevent the spread of communism. - Economically, the IMF and World Bank were set up to provide aid to developing countries.
  • Culturally, the Western culture continued to spread through the world via film, music and the adoption of the English language.
69
Q

How is power exerted in the neocolonial era?

A

Through:
- strategic alliances
- aid
- FDI from TNC
- terms of trade
- global finance and debt
- structural adjustment policies.

70
Q

How is China become a rising power?

A

China has a rapidly growing economy, which the USA is dependent on for manufactured goods This gives China more power and influence over the USA.

71
Q

Define gross domestic product.

A

A monetary measure of all the services and goods produced in a country over one year.

72
Q

Define commodity.

A

Any product that can be used bought, sold or traded, especially in a world market.

73
Q

What’s your example of emerging superpower Igos?

A
  • BRICS
  • MINT
  • Next 11
  • Maghreb countries
  • African lions
  • CIVETS
74
Q

Who are the BRICS and why are they emerging superpowers?

A

The original members of the BRICS include Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, with new members continuing to join. They are an emerging superpower because they are predominant supplies of manufactured goods, services and raw materials with rapidly growing GDP.

75
Q

Who are the MINT countries and why are they emerging superpowers?

A

They are Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey. They have youthful populations which support economic prosperity in the next 20 years.

76
Q

Who are the next eleven and why are they emerging superpowers?

A

They include the mint countries alongside Iran. Egypt, Pakistan and the Philippines. They are attractive to FDI and have stable GDP growth.

77
Q

Who are the Maghreb countries and why are they emerging superpowers?

A

They are Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. They have. rapid development which makes them attractive to FDI and they are also oil rich.

78
Q

Who are the African lions and why are they emerging super powers?

A

They include Congo and gorilla Mozambique Garner and Ethiopia. They are emerging superpowers because they’ve got rapid economic growth with improved standards of living and political stability.

79
Q

Who are the CIVETS and why are they emerging superpowers?

A

They are Columbia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa. They are. emerging superpowers because they have fast growing and diverse economies with youthful populations and improved political stability.

80
Q

What makes for BRICS nations potential rivals in a multi polar world?

A
  • 30% of the world’s land surface
  • 45% of the global population
  • 33% of global GDP
  • rapid development and economic growth
  • have their own economic systems, which support their economy and development
  • high value of imports and exports
  • regional powers
  • attractive to investment
81
Q

What is holding the bric nations back from being potential superpowers in a multipolar world?

A
  • Russia and China have a communist political system
  • GDP is smaller than NATO - corruption
  • spend less money on defence compared to the USA
  • They are an economic trade bloc rather than military, unlike nato.
  • In Brazil, there is poor infrastructure and they are too dependent on exporting raw materials
  • In Russia, theres been economic sanctions, a shrinking population, and dependence on oil and gas exports.
  • India has poor governance and vast inequalities.
  • China has an ageing population with underdeveloped financial sector and economic slowdown.
82
Q

What are the strengths and opportunities for Brazil?

A

They have a large diverse population with high levels of migration and European and Asian cultural influence. They’ve also got a rapidly growing GDP and they’ve got opportunities to invest GDP in society.

83
Q

What are we weaknesses in Brazil?

A

Brazil is too reliant on commodity exports.

84
Q

What are the strengths and opportunities for Russia?

A

Russia has a high life expectancy. is the largest gas exporter and has a large nuclear weapons. They have a large population and a one year compulsory conscription.

85
Q

What are the weaknesses and threats for Russia?

A

Russia has an ageing population And high levels of corruption with rigged presidential votes and presidential federation. But also use hard power military. The 2008 financial crash meant they lost large amounts of revenue
Also very reliant on oil and gas exports, and have had many sanctions from the USA and the UN.

86
Q

What are the strengths and opportunities in India?

A

There is a relatively large population. with an increase in nuclear weapons and Democratic government, they have a growing GDP with services making up the largest sector. Privatising companies increased GDP and jobs There is potential for boosting the economy as more people move out of poverty. and the large economically active workforce attracts lots of investment and economic growth. There are also new female industry positions.

87
Q

Whatever weaknesses and threats for India.

A

India has a slightly lower life expectancy with limited military spending. Those have lots of political parties, which makes national decision making very slow. Millions are still in poverty and are illiterate. Conflicts with China and Pakistan over regions which could result in conflict. As also no conscription, which could lead to lacking man power.

88
Q

What are the strengths and opportunities for China?

A

China has a large population with six mega cities, ethnically diverse and rapidly growing economy. They have. a multiplier effect and are beginning to reduce the impacts of the ageing population through the removal of the one child policy. They also are the largest distributor of world products.

89
Q

What are the weaknesses and threats for China?

A

China has an ageing population and a currently trying to reclaim disputed land booths have a communist government which have spending control and censorship.

90
Q

Where is Rostows modernization theory?

A

A theory where countries must move through all five stages of development to become fully developed. This would be based on delivering capitalism so a modern institutional reform would be essential for development and progress.

91
Q

What are the 5 stages in Rostow’s modernization theory?

A
  • The traditional society
  • preconditions for take off
  • take off
  • drive to maturity
  • high mass consumption.
92
Q

What are some critiques to rostows modernisation theory?

A

It doesn’t account for factors that may restrict economic development, such as physical barriers, conflict or colonialism. It also assumes that all countries will have the same path to development.

93
Q

What is Frank’s dependency model?

A

The idea that developing nations will remain dependent on wealthier nations. There is trade between resources and goods in the core, semi periphery, and periphery regions. The Times of trade are often unfavourable to developing countries resorting in poverty.

94
Q

What are some critiques of Frank’s Dependency model.

A

It has a narrow focus only on the economic barriers. Doesn’t account for social, environmental or political influences that may restrict economic development.

95
Q

What is the world systems theory?

A

It is a very that explains the development gap and capitalist wild systems. It shows how peripheral areas rely on core regions to exploit their own materials, which is largely as a result of colonialism.

96
Q

what are some critiques of the world systems theory.

A

He only looks at capitalism as being a cause for underdevelopment. Core and periphery regions are vague. He also ignored the fact that China and India were once for two largest economies when making his decisions on what name different regions.

97
Q

Who are the Bretton Woods institutions? When would they set up? And what are their aims?

A

They are the World Bank International Monetary Fund and World Trade organisation. They were set up after World War two in 1944. They aim to provide economic stability and World War two recovery by ensuring trade and providing regulations that would prevent future wars.

98
Q

What is for WEF?

A

The World Economic Forum.
It is an IGO that brings together leaders from different backgrounds. They have panels and discussions which allow them to find innovative solutions and ideas to. global problems.

99
Q

What is the IMF?

A

The International Monetary Fund.
It is an IGO that aimed to stabilise global economies through the creation of a fund for loans and to stabilise currency.

100
Q

What are some negatives of the IMF

A

Individual voting rights are proportional to the money put into the fund. This means that the top 10 control 60% of the votes. There were also set conditions for countries that are borrowed lots from the fund, so they have to focus on repaying their debt instead of social development.

101
Q

What is the World Bank?

A

An IGO of the finances development through loans which are used for humanitarian crises and big development projects. Decision making is also based off of investment. into the bank.

102
Q

What is the WTO?

A

The World Trade organisation. It is an IGO that promotes fairy trade by removing tariffs to provide a level playing field. They regulate trade by setting the terms for tariffs and subsidies and democratic systems. However, some countries have more power than others and use it to their advantage.

103
Q

What are mergers and acquisitions?

A

They are the consolidation of companieS. Mergers are where 2 companies become one, whilst acquisitions are where one company takes over another.

104
Q

What are examples of mergers

A

In 2000 and 15 Heinz merged with Kraft to form the Heinz Craft Company. This became the third largest food and beverage company in the U. SA and the 5th globally.

105
Q

What are examples of acquisitions?

A
  • Google acquired Android in 2005 which allowed them to compete in a market which was widely occupied by Microsoft and Apple.
  • Disney has acquired many entertainment brands, which had allowed domination through TV film, sports and retail.
  • Facebook has also acquired many companies such as Instagram and Whatsapp, just allow domination through and in social media.
106
Q

How have the main industries in the Forbes top 10 industry lists changed over time?

A

In 2017 the main industries were oil and gas, with the country of origin varying. Whereas in 2024 there were mostly finance and banking companies with some. being technology. the majority of these were owned by America and China.

107
Q

What are patents?

A

A form of intellectual property that gives its own of illegal right to exclude others from making using or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing and enabling public disclosure of invention.

108
Q

What are the benefits of patents?

A
  • allow businesses and TNCs to continue making money and grow economically.
  • protect the inventor’s idea.
109
Q

What are the negatives of patents?

A

They can be used by tncs to maximise profits. And within the pharmaceutical industry, they can make new treatments unaffordable for poorer countries.

110
Q

How can the arts, food and media be important influences of soft power?

A

They use persuasive control to gain. global influence through broadcasting and using. and often using the English languages. Some media could have political statements and satire within them.

111
Q

Do you have a key role in international decision making concerning people and the physical environment?

A

Global superpowers and emerging nations

112
Q

Why are the USA considered the global police force?

A

They are able to intervene with other countries.

113
Q

Why does the USA no longer want to be considered as for global police force?

A

They can no longer afford it due to the loss of money from vast military spending and the psychological impacts on soldiers from multiple deployments.

114
Q

What is the idea of American exceptionalism?

A

The idea that Americans can do whatever they want. This was used in President Trump’s campaign.

115
Q

How can the idea of American exceptionalism be seen during trumps presidency?

A

Exiting the Trans Pacific Partnership and the Paris climate accord, alongside cutting funding for the World Health organisation. The America first policy has led to broken partnerships and tense relationships with EU and NATO.

116
Q

How has the Biden administration differed to trumps approach?

A

The focus on diplomacy at the Centre for Employee. So Biden rejoined the Paris climate accords and held meetings with nato G7 and EU to hell reps open by Trump. That was still an idea of American first through protectionalism and withdrawing troops from Afghanistan.

117
Q

What is protectionism?

A

An example would be American consumers only buying American products so that money stays there, protecting the economy.

118
Q

What has nato’s impact been globally?

A

They provide emergency response to natural disasters helped to defend allies and provide peacekeeping strategies. This has helped to improve. security and deescalate conflict preventing wars.

119
Q

What is AUKUS?

A

An IGO consisting of Australia, the UK and USA.

120
Q

How has AUKUS had a global impact?

A

They have a security agreement with. has strengthened the connexions between the free members this. has also allowed free indo pacific trade and allowed the development and advancement of military capabilities.

121
Q

How has the UN had a global impact?

A

They have maintained international peace and security by providing aid and sustainable development and created international laws.

122
Q

How has the IPCC had an impact globally?

A

They have provided policymakers with. regular scientific assessment on climate change its implications for future potential risks to find adaptation and mitigation options.

123
Q

How has the EU had an impact globally?

A

They have promoted economic cooperation between European countries by liberalising world trade. They also provide humanitarian aid.

124
Q

What is for USMCA?

A

An IGO consisting of the United States, Mexico and Canada.

125
Q

How has the USMCA had an impact globally?

A

They have promoted high labour standards and workers rights, which has prevented the intimidation and coercion of workers. This has improved the trades between the three countries giving a fairer free market.

126
Q

What are the trends in China’s carbon dioxide emissions?

A

China have rapidly increasing emissions due to the rapid economic development leading to industrialisation. This means more money is being invested into polluting industries to meet energy demands leading to the disproportionate emissions. There is an uneven distribution of emissions due to the poverty in rural areas.

127
Q

What are the trends in the USA’s carbon dioxide emissions?

A

The USA have disproportionate emissions but these aren’t growing as rapidly as China. There are high emissions per person due to the large proportion of middle class who have increased consumption.

128
Q

what are the consequences of China and the USA’s growing emissions?

A
  • global warming
  • more intense extreme weather events
  • biodiversity loss
  • fish stocks migrate
  • mass migration of climate refugees
129
Q

what actions have China taken to reduce their carbon emissions? (positives and negatives)

A

+ investing in renewables
such as HEP, wind and solar
+ limiting coal consumption
+ providing money to nations most vulnerable to climate change
- still heavily reliant on coal
- not reached peak emissions as still developing
- investing in coal power plants elsewhere
+/- carbon neutral by 2060

130
Q

what actions have the USA taken to reduce their carbon emissions?
(positives and negatives)

A

+ investing in renewables
+ investing in electric vehicles
+ decarbonising transport industry
+ net zero by 2050
- Trump removed the USA from the Paris Climate agreement but Biden rejoined, showing instability as politics changes

131
Q

what happened at COP29?

A

$300 billion will be paid by developed nations towards the climate crisis to help developing nations. This created tensions as it was less than the developing nations asked for, leading to walk outs by LIC representatives.

132
Q

How has global middle classes changed over time?

A

Europe and North America have the smallest increases as they are already developed so the majority of the population is already there. The largest increases are in Africa and Asia as they are beginning to develop

133
Q

what are the potential outcomes of increasing middle class in India and China?

A
  • increased disposable income
  • more environmental damage such as pollution, emissions and land degradation
  • improved standard of living
  • more competitive job market
134
Q

what threat do the middles class have to the planet?

A
  • increased mineral demand for technology has led to more global sea traffic, land degradation and exploitation
  • large consumers of fossil fuels
  • increased food demand requires more water and importing goods
135
Q

why are there disputes over the arctic?

A
  • natural resources available
  • exclusive economic zones
  • melting sea ice opens new trade routes
  • militarized region
136
Q

what countries are involved in disputes over the arctic?

A
  • Norway
  • Russia
  • USA
  • Canada
  • Greenland (Denmark)
137
Q

why could Russia be considered wrong for claiming the north pole?

A

The north pole should be unclaimed land as it doesn’t lie within 200 nautical miles of any border.

138
Q

How are IGO’s cementing the status of the arctic as a wilderness?

A
  • the UN has policies and sustainable resource use of arctic marine environment
  • arctic council groups promote cooperation between arctic states
  • the Global Commons Alliance is accelerating systems for change
139
Q

what is TRIPS?

A

Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
- an agreement that protects the rights of brands and manufactured goods, it is created by the WTO

140
Q

What are the issues with counterfeit products?

A
  • small businesses are unable to compete
  • can be dangerous
  • sellers are difficult to track so cant be prosecuted
141
Q

how does the production of counterfeit products lead to strained trade relations and TNC investment?

A
  • counterfeit goods are mostly from Hong Kong and China
  • Border control is strained as they intercept counterfeits
  • TNCs lose money as people by the cheaper fake
142
Q

what is China’s ‘made in China 2025’ industrial policy?

A

A plan to develop China’s manufacturing sector by producing higher value goods, becoming a leading industry and a leader in growth of technology.

143
Q

How does China’s ‘made in China 2025’ industrial policy threaten the USA?

A
  • reduces trade for the USA as China begin to manufacture more high value goods.
  • USA has to increase tariffs on China to protect their economy
144
Q

what is an exclusive economic zone (EEZ)?

A

an area of sea in which a country has special rights to its use and exploration, it is within 200 nautical miles of a country’s coastline.

145
Q

Why are there disputes over the Spratly and Paracel islands?

A
  • China is claiming the islands due to their nine dash line but they don’t lie within their EEZ. They should belong to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines but they don’t have enough power and influence to claim this.
146
Q

Why is the South and East China sea a sought after territory?

A
  • rich in oil and gas reserves
  • has 10% of worlds fisheries
  • 30% of global trade passes through the area
147
Q

Why is there tensions over South and East China sea territory?

A

China are building naval bases to widen their influence and power despite having little claim to the land. They are also patrolling the region.

148
Q

what are the implications of the South China sea conflicts?

A
  • coral reefs are damaged
  • exploitation of resources
  • prevents other countries using the trade route
  • locals have been killed by Chinese boats and soldiers
149
Q

why is there an open conflict between Eastern Europe and Russia?

A
  • political tension between the USA and Soviet Union during the cold war with both trying to widen their sphere of influence.
  • tensions between NATO and Russia as both aim to establish political control over Eastern Europe.
150
Q

Why is Russia’s invasion of Ukraine a proxy war?

A

It is a direct consequence of Ukraine seeking to join NATO.

151
Q

How is NATO trying to stop Russia gaining power?

A
  • economic and political sanctions
  • giving military support to Ukraine
  • limiting energy imported from Russia
152
Q

Why can China’s relationship with Africa be seen as a form of neo-colonialism?

A
  • China are funding large infrastructure projects in Africa, with Chinese workers doing most of the work
  • over half of China’s foreign aid is given to Africa
  • China is Africa’s largest trade partner
153
Q

what theory does Africa’s relationship with China reflect?

A

Franks Dependency Theory

154
Q

how has Africa benefitted from Chinese FDI?

A
  • large infrastructure projects
  • more jobs
  • improved economy and healthcare
  • more efficient trade allows for development
155
Q

What is Africa exporting to China?

A
  • natural resources
    e.g. minerals, fuel, food
156
Q

what is Africa importing from China?

A
  • manufactured goods
    e.g. machinery
157
Q

How has China benefited from Chinese FDI in Africa?

A
  • infrastructure projects have provided jobs for Chinese workers
  • provides more efficient trade routes
  • investing in social infrastructure creates a healthier more reliable workforce
158
Q

What are examples of projects in Africa?

A
  • construction of a bridge in Mozambique has improved trade routes
  • a free clinic in Namibia has provided free medical care
  • modern wrestling arena in Senegal
159
Q

How have these projects benefited Africa?

A
  • provided healthcare
  • created jobs and houses
    -preserved culture
160
Q

How have these projects disadvantaged Africa?

A
  • poor working conditions
  • exploitation of workers and environment
  • segregation of Chinese workers from wider society has created tensions
161
Q

what is China’s ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative?

A

a strategy that aims to connect Western Europe by road, and South East Asia and Africa by boat.

162
Q

How will China benefit from the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative?

A
  • provided with efficient trade routes, boosting economy
  • military control in Djibouti has increased influence
  • 89% of work is for Chinese firms
  • China have leased the port they built in Sri Lanka, providing them with more territorial control.
163
Q

How will other countries benefit from the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative?

A
  • projects to improve infrastructure in Africa has allowed the region to meet more of the SDGs
  • GDP has increased and jobs created which could reduce poverty
164
Q

what are examples of infrastructure projects in the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative?

A
  • railways
  • ports
  • bridges
  • oil pipelines
165
Q

why is the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative controversial?

A
  • could lead to widespread presence of Chinese troops
  • majority of financing returns to China so money is removed from the local economies
  • local markets are undercut causing long term economic damage as countries are unable to payback loans

EDEXCEL GEOGRAPHY (19 decks)

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