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EDEXCEL GEOGRAPHY > HAZARDS > Flashcards

HAZARDS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a MHZ?

A

multiple hazard zone

  • where a country or region suffers two or more hazard types
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2
Q

what is an example of an MHZ?

A

the Philippines

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3
Q

what hazards does the Philippines face?

A
  • volcanic eruptions
  • tropical storms
  • earthquakes
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4
Q

what is an archipelago?

A

a group of islands

e.g. the Philippines

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5
Q

What does the mercalli scale measure?

A
  • the intensity of damage caused by an earthquake
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6
Q

Where is the Philippines located?

A

It is an island arc in South East Asia, located 5-10 degrees north of the equator

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7
Q

what plate margin does the Philippines lie on?

A

Destructive plate margin between the Eurasian and Philippine plate

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8
Q

Why is the Philippines a MHZ?

A
  • it lies on a cyclone belt
  • intense monsoon climate
  • vulnerable to tsunamis, earthquakes and typhoons
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9
Q

Why is the Philippines vulnerable to tsunamis?

A

it has a high population density along its coastline

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10
Q

When did Mt Nyiragongo erupt?

A

17th January 2002

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11
Q

Where is Mt Nyiragongo?

A

the Democratic Republic of Congo

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12
Q

Why did people live near Mt Nyiragongo, and how many?

A
  • fertile farmland
  • 500,000 people
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13
Q

what were the responses to the eruption of Mt Nyiragongo?

A
  • $15million worth of aid
  • 400,000 people evacuated
  • camps for displaced people
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14
Q

What has been done to reduce the impact of future eruptions of Mt Nyiragongo?

A
  • educated location residents on volcanic eruptions
  • built a volcanic observatory for data gathering
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15
Q

What were the impacts of Mt Nyiragongo’s eruption on Goma?

A
  • 20% of homes destroyed
  • 3m of lava coverage
  • 100 deaths
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16
Q

Why were people caught unaware of the eruption of Mt Nyiragongo?

A

The radio had said that there was no risk, so people were told to stay where they were

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17
Q

What are some impacts of the Mt Nyiragongo eruption?

A
  • frequent toxic gas emissions
  • 147 deaths
  • poisoned water source
  • long-term respiratory problems
  • unemployment
  • buildings destroyed
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18
Q

What plate boundary does Montserrat lie on?

A
  • a destructive plate boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates
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19
Q

When did the worst eruption in Montserrat occur?

A

25th June 1997

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20
Q

what were the short-term effects of the eruptions in Montserrat?

A
  • pyroclastic flows
  • lahars
  • ash and tephra fall
  • earthquakes
  • release of volcanic gases
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21
Q

How many fatalities were there after the eruption in Montserrat?

A

19

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22
Q

How is the volcano in Montserrat monitored?

A
  • tiltmeters
  • GPS satellite location
  • seismographs
  • COSPEC is used to measure gases
  • frequent rock samples
  • measuring the pH of rainwater
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23
Q

what were the long-term effects of the eruptions in Montserrat?

A
  • population shrunk
  • no economic stability
  • temporary housing
  • heavily dependant on UK aid
  • collapse of tourist and rice industries
  • 2/3 of the island became an exclusion zone, forcing residents to the North
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24
Q

What plate boundary is Eyjafjallajökull on?

A

divergent plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates

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25
Q

what were the impacts on Iceland?

A
  • rapid increase in tourism to 1.7 million each year
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26
Q

what were the secondary impacts of Eyjafjallajökull’s eruption?

A
  • mudflows
  • flooding
  • extra train + ferry services
  • schools closed
  • 800 people evacuated
  • 95,000 flights cancelled worldwide
  • £62million paid out in travel insurance
  • the Kenyan economy lost $3.8million a day
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27
Q

What were the warning signs that Eyjafjallajökull would erupt?

A
  • earthquakes between 1992-98
  • detected moving magma
  • satellite images had shown the volcano changing shape
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28
Q

what were the primary impacts of Eyjafjallajökull’s eruption?

A
  • lava erupted from 12 vents
  • ash soured 11,000ft into the air
  • 5.5cm of ash fell on farmland
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29
Q

what were some long term responses to Eyjafjallajökull’s eruption?

A
  • rebuilding of damaged roads + bridges
  • volcanic activity monitored
  • text message warning system
  • ash and debris was dug up from river beds to reduce flooding risks
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30
Q

what were some short term responses to Eyjafjallajökull’s eruption?

A
  • 800 people evacuated
  • air space closed
  • rescue teams sent out
  • livestock kept inside
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31
Q

when did Eyjafjallajökull erupt?

A
  • 2010

20th March

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32
Q

what were the impacts of the ash cloud from Eyjafjallajökull’s eruption?

A
  • hundreds of flights cancelled
  • sky went black as the sun was blocked
  • ash covered the soil
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33
Q

how was Eyjafjallajökull monitored?

A
  • 80 seismometers
  • 120 GPS antennae
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34
Q

How was the N1 protected?
(Iceland’s ring road)

A
  • nearby embankments were breached so water flooded the roads instead of expensive bridges
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35
Q

what are the characteristics of basic lava volcanoes?

A
  • wide shallow base
  • runny lava
  • frequent, gentle eruptions
  • less fatalities
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36
Q

what are the characteristics of acid lava volcanoes?

A
  • thick, viscous lava
  • tall narrow base
  • infrequent, explosive eruptions
  • more fatalities
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37
Q

what is a hotspot volcano?

A

a volcano in an intra-plate location.

e.g. Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific plate

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38
Q

What is a convergent plate boundary?

A
  • plates are moving together
  • the denser oceanic plate moves below the lighter continental crust, creating a subduction zone
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39
Q

What can a convergent plate boundary create?

A
  • earthquakes
  • volcanoes
  • fold mountains
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40
Q

What is a Divergent plate boundary?

A

The plates are moving apart, creating a gap that is filled with magma to form a volcano.

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41
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A

Plates slide past each other in the same or opposite direction.
The 2 plates meet at a fault, where pressure builds until the 2 played jerk past each other creating an earthquake

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42
Q

What is a basic lava shield volcano?

A

Gently sloping cone with a large basw

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43
Q

What is an acid lava dome volcano?

A

Very steep volcano with lava so thick that it could form a plug or spire when forced out of the volcano

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44
Q

What is a caldera volcano?

A

A volcano with a large crater called a Caldera, there are violent eruptions causing the top of the cone to break off.

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45
Q

What is an ash and cinder cone volcano?

A

A volcano with layers of ash and cinder that build up to form a symmetrical cone with a large crater.

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46
Q

What is a composite cone volcano?

A

Volcano made from alternating layers of lava and ash. There eruptions start violently, then become less violent. The lava escapes from the side forming conelets

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47
Q

What is tephra?

A

Volcanic bombs which are emitted from a volcano during an eruption

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48
Q

What are examples of volcano monitoring equipment?

A
  • ultrasound
  • chemical sensors
  • seismometers
  • tiltmeter
  • satellite images
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49
Q

What is ultrasound used for when monitoring volcanoes?

A

Monitoring the low frequency waves within magma as the gas and molten rock moves upwards

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50
Q

How are chemical sensors used when measuring volcanoes?

A

They measure increased sulphur levels

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51
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

A mass of hot ash, lava fragments and gases ejected explosively from a volcano, and flowing at great speed

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52
Q

How are seismometers used when monitoring volcanoes?

A

They detect mini earthquakes that happen before an eruption

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53
Q

How are satellite images used when monitoring an eruption?

A

They show the warming of the grounds surface as the magma nears

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54
Q

How are tiltmeters used to monitor volcanoes?

A

They detect swelling on the side of the volcano, which occurs when magma is forced up to the surface

55
Q

When was the Nevado Del Ruiz eruption?

A

13th November 1985

56
Q

What was the population and death toll after the Nevado Del Ruiz eruption?

A

Population was 28,700
Death toll was 23,000

57
Q

What were the warning signs before the Nevado Del Ruiz eruption?

A
  • increased seismic activity
  • magma nearing the surface
  • increasing pressure
  • gases released
  • clouds of black smoke
  • phreatic (steam) eruption
  • increased ground temp
58
Q

What impact did the weather have on the Nevado Del Ruiz eruption?

A

A storm has damaged electric structures so a warning couldn’t be sent out.

The storm has masked the rumbling sounds of the volcano

59
Q

What is a lahar?

A

A volcanic mudflow

60
Q

What impact did the lahars have after Nevado Del Ruiz erupted?

A
  • destroyed 5000 homes
  • homeless
  • $6billion in damages
  • 150 died from infection
  • killed 3/4 of Armeros residents
  • it took 12 hours for the first people to be rescued
61
Q

What factor led to the Nevado Del Ruiz eruption being so deadly?

A
  • no evacuation or prevention
  • damaged infrastructure
  • recent storms
  • soft mud made rescue hard
  • warfare in Colombia
  • lack of aid readily available
  • dormant ice-covered volcano
62
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A
  • the crust and very top of the mantle
63
Q

What are characteristics of the lithosphere?

A
  • very brittle
  • granite and basalt
  • air temperature to 900
64
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The top layer of the mantle

65
Q

What are characteristics of the asthenosphere?

A
  • partly molten
  • 900-1600
66
Q

What are the characteristics of the crust?

A
  • solid
  • 0-100km thick
  • 400
  • granite and basalt
67
Q

What are the characteristics of the mantle?

A
  • 2900km thick
  • liquid
  • 500-4000
  • minerals such as magnesium and iron
68
Q

What are the characteristics of the outer core?

A
  • 2200km thick
  • liquid
  • iron and nickel
  • 6000
69
Q

What are the characteristics of the inner core?

A
  • 12000km thick
  • dense
  • solid
  • up to 6000
  • nickel and iron
70
Q

Who was Alfred Wegner?

A

A geophysicist and meteorologist. He came up with the idea that the Earth’s continents can move.

71
Q

What is the evidence for plate tectonics?

A
  • fossils
  • patterns/bands of rock
  • the shape of continents
  • magnetic field patterns in iron containing rocks
72
Q

What are the features of the Park model?

A
  • modify the cause and event
  • search and rescue
  • relief nad rehabilitation
  • rebuilding and reconstruction
  • modify vulnerability
73
Q

What happens during the relief phase?

A

Teams arrive from outside the immediate area to help with search and rescue. Urgent medical supplies, search equipment, clothing and food may be flown in

74
Q

What happens during the rehabilitation phase?

A

Lasts several weeks or months, actions restore the physical and community structures

75
Q

What happens during the reconstruction phase?

A

Permanent changes are introduce to restore quality of life and economic stability to the original level or better

76
Q

What are 6 Philippines case studies?

A
  • 1989 drought
  • 2006 landslide
  • 1990 earthquake
  • 1991 volcanic eruption
  • 2012 typhoon
  • 2011 tropical storm
77
Q

When was typhoon bopha?

A

4th December 2012

78
Q

What were the social impacts of typhoon bopha?

A
  • 1901 deaths
  • 5,000 tourists stranded
  • 834 missing
  • thousands of people displaced
79
Q

What were the economic impacts of typhoon bopha?

A
  • flight and ferry services cancelled
  • power outages
  • crop damage worth 8.5 billion pesos
80
Q

What were the environmental impacts of typhoon bopha?

A
  • trees uprooted
  • flooding and flash floods
  • mudslides
81
Q

What physical factors have put the Philippines at risk of hazards?

A
  • hotspot location
  • destructive plate boundary
  • within a tropical storm belt
  • climatic conditions
  • archipelago
82
Q

What human factors have put the Philippines at risk of hazards?

A
  • deforestation
  • LIC
  • densely populated
83
Q

What factors create a hotspot location?

A
  • tectonic hazards
  • hydro-meteorological hazards
  • vulnerability
84
Q

When was tropical storm washi?

A

16th December 2011

85
Q

What were the social impacts of tropical storm washi?

A
  • 1292 deaths
  • 1049 missing
  • 11502 houses destroyed
  • schools and health centres closed
  • contaminated water sources
  • loss of crops
86
Q

What were the economic impacts of tropical storm washi?

A
  • 1.45 billion pesos of damage
  • power outages
  • loss of crops and fishing boats
87
Q

What were the environmental impacts of tropical storm washi?

A
  • flashfloods
  • vegetation damage
  • soil erosion
  • landslides
88
Q

When did mt pinatubo erupt?

A

1991

89
Q

What were the social impacts of
Mt pinatubo erupting?

A
  • 800 deaths
  • evacuation
  • 1.2 million people lost homes
90
Q

What were the economic impacts of mt pinatubo erupting?

A
  • airport closed
  • 100 million in damage to aircrafts
  • crops lost
  • infrastructure damaged
91
Q

What were the environmental impacts of mt pinatubo erupting?

A
  • global temp dropped by 0.5°c
  • lahars
  • river erosion
  • land covered by ash
92
Q

When was the manila earthquake?

A

16th July 1990

93
Q

What were the social impacts of the manila earthquake?

A
  • 2412 deaths
  • houses destroyed
  • people missing
94
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the manila earthquake?

A
  • liquefication
  • landslides
  • flooding
95
Q

What are the economic impacts of the manila earthquake?

A
  • $369 million danages
  • flights cancelled
  • resort hotels damaged
96
Q

When was the guinsaugon landslide?

A

2006

97
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the guinsaugon landslide?

A
  • very soft mud
  • land had to be replanted to prevent erosion
98
Q

What were the social impacts of the guinsaugon landslide?

A
  • over 1100 deaths
  • homes buried in mud
99
Q

What were the economic impacts of the guinsaugon landslide?

A
  • schools and homes rebuilt
  • thousands of dollars in aid
100
Q

When was the Philippines drought?

A

1989

101
Q

What were the social impacts of the drought?

A
  • loss of crops
  • agriculture dying due to heat
102
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the drought?

A

Cracked ground and vegetation loss

103
Q

What were the economic impacts of the drought?

A
  • forced to import 640000 tons of rice
  • water rationing
  • agricultural and fishery productivity dropped
104
Q

When was the Haiti earthquake?

A

January 2012

105
Q

What was the death toll after the Haiti earthquake?

A

316,000

106
Q

What 3 factors made the number of casualties high after the Haiti earthquake?

A
  • lack of infrastructure
  • poor building quality
  • wide spread poverty
107
Q

What proportion of Haitis population are unemployed?

A

2/3

108
Q

What proportion of the population lies below the poverty line?

A

50%

109
Q

What were some impacts of the Haitian earthquake?

A
  • injuries
  • homelessness
  • overcrowded hospitals
  • blocked paths
  • buildings collapsed
  • loss of electricity
  • disease
  • looting
110
Q

Where is Haiti?

A

An island in the Caribbean, it shares its border with the Dominican Republic

111
Q

What plate boundary is Haiti on?

A

Conservative plate boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates

112
Q

What magnitude was the Haiti earthquake?

A

7.0

113
Q

Why did aid take a long time in the Haiti earthquake?

A
  • the port was destroyed
  • roads were blocked
  • not enough space on the runways
114
Q

When was the Japanese earthquake and tsunami?

A

2011.

115
Q

What plates does Japan lie on?

A

Destructive plate boundary where the Pacific Plate sinks below the Eurasian plate.

116
Q

What will the primary effects of Japan? earthquake?

A
  • Ground shaking
  • subsidence
  • liquification
  • fatalities
  • injury
  • people missing
  • buildings destroyed
  • infrastructure damaged.
117
Q

What was secondary effects of the Japanese earthquake?

A
  • Tsunami
  • flooding
  • disrupted shipping and travel
  • agricultural loss
  • nuclear power plant damage
  • radiation
  • large economic costs
  • regular blackouts
  • water contamination
118
Q

What the earthquake proof buildings in Japan effictive?

A

They were effective with the earthquake, but the tsunami damaged them.

119
Q

What magnitude was the Japanese earthquake

A
  1. With many aftershocks between six and seven.
120
Q

When was the Christchurch earthquake?

A

2011

121
Q

Where is Christchurch?

A

It is the second largest city in New Zealand.

122
Q

What plate boundary does New Zealand dry on?

A

Destructive plate boundary where the Pacific Plate is subducting below the Indo Australian plate.

123
Q

What magnitude was the Christchurch earthquake?

A

6.3.

124
Q

What time did the Christchurch earthquake strike? And what was the impact of this?

A

It was at lunchtime, so there was many people in the city centre.

125
Q

What were the primary effects of the Christchurch earthquake?

A
  • Buildings collapsed
  • buses crushed
  • infrastructure damage
  • at least 185 deaths
  • Soil liquification
  • injuries
  • power loss
  • water and sewage pipes damage.
126
Q

What was some secondary effects of the Christchurch earthquake?

A
  • Children enrolled in schools across New Zealand
  • high. rebuilding costs
  • Many people unable to return home
  • fires
  • could no longer host the rugby World Cup
  • mental health issues
  • Electricity loss
  • job loss.
127
Q

What was some immediate responses to the Christchurch earthquake?

A
  • Local people removing survivors from the rubble
  • aid
    -rescue team sent
  • severely damaged buildings demolished
  • a phone ban.
128
Q

What will have some longtime responses to the New Zealand earthquake

A
  • the cathedral was demolished
  • fundraising events
  • memorial.
129
Q

What factors can determine the scale of the impacts and responses of an earthquake?

A
  • How many people live there?
  • wealth
  • Transport networks
  • how much the country has to help
  • how prepare people are,
  • how good the health care is,
  • construction standards
  • the location and strength of the earthquake
  • what technology they have.
130
Q

What is an example of a small magnitude earthquake?

A

North England earthquake, which was 3.9 magnitude.

131
Q

What is a hazard profile?

A

A diagram that shows the main physical characteristics of different types of tectonic hazards.

132
Q

War characteristics are found in a hazard profile.

A
  • Magnitude
  • speed of onset
  • duration
  • aerial extent
  • spatial predictability
  • frequency.
133
Q

What human factors can influence the impacts of the hazard?

A
  • Infrastructure
  • governance
  • political conditions
  • communication systems
  • income levels
  • preparedness and education
  • rapid urbanisation
  • population density
  • housing quality
  • health care
  • efficiency of emergency services
  • building regulations.

EDEXCEL GEOGRAPHY (18 decks)

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