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EDEXCEL GEOGRAPHY > GLOBALISATION > Flashcards

GLOBALISATION Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the bretton woods institutions?

A
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • World Trade Organisation (WTO)
  • World Bank
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2
Q

what is a trade bloc?

A

when countries have grouped together to promote free trade between them

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3
Q

what are examples of trade blocs?

A
  • the EU
  • USMCA
  • ASEAN
  • OPEC
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4
Q

What is economic liberalisation?

A

the removal of trade barriers such as subsidies, tariffs or quotas

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5
Q

what is privatisation?

A

the transfer of business, industry or service from public to private ownership or control

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6
Q

what are subsidies?

A

grants given by governments to increase the profitability of key industries

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7
Q

what are tariffs?

A

a tax that is paid on goods cominng into or going out of a country

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8
Q

what are quotas?

A

a fixed level indicating the maximum amount of imported goods or persons which a state will allow in

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9
Q

what is embargo?

A

a ban placed on certain goods imported from other countries

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10
Q

what is foreign direct investment?

A

investment made by an overseas company or organisation into a company or organisation based in another country

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11
Q

how have the bretton woods institutions accelerated globalisation?

A
  • promote free trade and FDI
  • create policies
  • provided confidence for countries to trade
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12
Q

what are some examples of IGOs?

A
  • G7
  • G8
  • G20
  • BRIC
  • MINT
  • OECD
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13
Q

What are some benefits of trade blocs?

A
  • rapid economic growth
    e.g. Asia’s newly industrialising countries
  • removing quotas has increased trade, creating more jobs
    e.g. more trade between the EU and Veitnam
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14
Q

what are the BRIC countries?

A

Brazil
Russia
India
China

industrialising countries

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15
Q

what are the MINT countries?

A
  • Mexico
  • Indonesia
  • Nigeria
  • Turkey

youthful populations

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16
Q

what are the G7 countries?

A

Canada
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
UK
USA

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17
Q

What are some disadvantages of trade blocs?

A
  • non-member countries are excluded so development is prevented
  • some trade blocs subsidise their producers despite this being against the rules of the WTO
  • Ghana can only export raw cocoa beans as the EU have tariffs on processing cocoa
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18
Q

what is ‘time-space compression’?

A

any phenomenon that alters the qualities of and relationship between space and time

e.g. - smartphones

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19
Q

what factors have accelerated globalisation?

A
  • post WW2 peace keeping strategies
  • transport improvements
  • containerisation
  • technology
  • communication
  • increased trade
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20
Q

what is globalisation?

A

the process by which people, their cultures, money, goods and information can be transferredd between countries with few or no barries

  • global interconnectedness
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21
Q

what are some benefits of the IMF?

A
  • provides jobs
  • acts as a financial advisor for countries
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22
Q

what are some disadvantages of the IMF?

A
  • forces poorer countries to sell off their assets to wealthy TNCs
  • Greece was forced to cut back on essential funding in order to meet the IMF guidlines after the 2008 financial crisis
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23
Q

what are some benefits of the WTO?

A
  • provides jobs
  • promotes trade liberalisation
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24
Q

what are some disadvantages of the WTO

A
  • some countries hold more powers than others
  • fails to stop the richest countries subsidisng their own food products
  • forced Pakistan to open their waters to TNCs which left local fisherman in poverty
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25
Q

what are some disadvantages of the World Bank?

A
  • some countries hold more power than others when it comes to decision making
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26
Q

what are some benefits of the world banks?

A
  • loans have helped to reduce poverty
    e.g. $475 million grant to the Philippines
  • helped to build a mega dam in the DRC
  • in 2012 $565 billion of loans and grants were distributed
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27
Q

what is a special economic zone ( SEZ ) ?

A

areas set up by national governments to offer financial or tax incentives to attract FDI. This includes tax breaks and investment in infrastructure.

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28
Q

what is a definition of culture?

A

the ideas, customs, and social behaviours of a particular group of people or society.

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29
Q

What is cultural dilution?

A

the reduction of cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols

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30
Q

what is cultural erosion?

A

the wearing away of cultural traits which could potentially lead to their disappearance

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31
Q

what is cultural imperialism?

A

promoting the culture of one nation in another, usually by a more powerful nation

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32
Q

what is soft power?

A

the ability to attract people/countries to particular aspects of a culture, rather than through force

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33
Q

what is homogenization?

A

the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another

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34
Q

what is xenophobia?

A

dislike or prejudice against people from other countries

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35
Q

what is cultural diffusion?

A

the process by which cultures, ideas, beliefs, and practices spread and intermingle between different societies and regions

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36
Q

what can cause cultural erosion?

A
  • migrants and tourism exposes people to new cultures
  • the spread of western culture through TNCs and the media
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37
Q

how have isolated tribes been affected by globalization?

A

They are exposed to tourism, with their traditional culture being turned into a ‘show’ for tourists

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38
Q

what is a source region?

A

places from which migrants move

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39
Q

what is a host region?

A

places to which migrants move

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40
Q

what are low wage migrants?

A

migrants that go on to do low-waged, low-skilled jobs, usually manual labour

41
Q

where are low wage migrants found?

A
  • UAE
  • Qatar
42
Q

what impacts to low wage migrants have on host countries?

A
  • allow for the rapid building of infrastructure
  • common workplace accidents and exploitation
43
Q

what is the brawn drain?

A

emigration of low-skilled workers

44
Q

what are elite migrants?

A

migrants with a high level of education who go onto do high-wage jobs in tertiary/quaternary sectors

45
Q

where are elite migrants found?

A
  • London
  • New York
  • Shanghai
  • Tokyo
46
Q

what impacts do elite migrants have on host countries?

A
  • improved economy
  • more diversity
  • highly educated work force
  • multiplier effect
  • house inflation
47
Q

what are benefits of migration for the source region?

A
  • remittance payments
  • women have more job opportunities
48
Q

what are the costs of migration for source regions?

A
  • brain drain
  • negative multiplier effect
  • young economically active leave jobs behind
  • lack of investment
49
Q

what are the costs of migration for host regions?

A
  • anti-immigration attitudes
  • increased crime rates
  • overcrowding
  • increased pollution and fly tipping
50
Q

what are the benefits of migration for host regions?

A
  • migrants have a positive work ethic
  • increased infrastructure to support migrants, diversity
  • migrants fill low-skilled manual labour jobs
  • fast growing local economy, higher wages
51
Q

what is a megacity?

A

a city with more than 10 million people living in it

52
Q

what is the global shift?

A

the movement of manufacturing from the West to South East Asia

53
Q

what is Lees model of migration?

A

A model that shows there is positive, negative and neutral factors in the origin and destination. There are intervening obstacles that make the journey difficult, such as mountains, seas, borders and distance

54
Q

what factors have accelerated the global shift?

A
  • open door policies attracted TNCs
  • outsourcing
  • FDI flows into emerging Asian countries
55
Q

what are the benefits of the global shift to China?

A
  • reduced poverty
  • investment in infrastructure
  • better education + training
  • more efficient trade
56
Q

what are the negatives of the global shift to China?

A
  • health problems increased
  • more informal housing
  • loss of productive farmland
  • resources don’t meet supply demands
  • pollution
  • land degradation
  • loss of biodiversity
57
Q

what impact has deindustrialisation had on local economies?

A
  • local business close
  • no investment
  • fewer jobs
  • income reduces
58
Q

what impact has deindustrialisation had on local residents?

A
  • unstable living conditions
  • forced to leave
  • lack of services
  • higher crime rates
59
Q

what impact has deindustrialisation had on local environment?

A
  • derelict buildings
  • vandalism
  • fly tipping

LONG TERM: improvement due to less polluting industry

60
Q

what are some impacts of the global shift on the UK?

A
  • jobs lost
  • deindustrialisation
  • derelict buildings
  • contaminated land/buildings
  • pockets of deprivation
  • increased crime in deprived areas e.g. Leicester
61
Q

Why may a country be switched on?

A
  • coastline
  • developed infrastructure
  • skilled workforce
  • flatter land
  • member of IGOs
62
Q

Why may a country be detached?

A
  • land locked
  • weak economy
  • mountainous
  • corruption
  • unskilled workforce
  • conflict
  • not a member of IGOs
63
Q

What is the KOF Index?

A

A measure of globalisation with indicators spread across three categories. Economic, social and political globalisation.

64
Q

what is the AT kearney index?

A

It uses 12 indicators spread across four categories, economic integration, technological connectivity, political engagement and personal contact.

65
Q

what are the advantages of the AT kearney index?

A
  • Covers 96% of world’s GDP
  • allows for comparison
  • more holistic measure that takes more factors into consideration.
66
Q

what are the disadvantages of the AT kearney index?

A
  • Only 64 countries are included.
  • covers 84% of the world’s population
  • Who decides on the weightings?
67
Q

what are the advantages of the KOF Index?

A
  • Wide range of data is available
  • easy. comparison
  • takes into account missing data
  • used. since 1970.
68
Q

what are the disadvantages of the KOF Index?

A
  • Internet skews data
  • bias
  • informal. informal economies are discounted and illegal migrants not included.
69
Q

Why is Singapore a switched on country?

A
  • Highly developed Infrastructure
  • English is the main language
  • located at the centre of trading routes
  • Strong global business connexions
  • Knowledge economy
  • free trade group.
70
Q

why is Zambia a detached country?

A
  • Weak economy
  • poor infrastructure conditions
  • dependent on copper trade
  • Low life expectancy
  • heavily in debt
  • landlocked high
  • above sea level.
71
Q

What is diaspora

A

The dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland.

72
Q

What are evidence of global culture and cultural diffusion?

A
  • Change to legislation to protect the rights of people with disabilities
  • Marriage equality rights increase
  • ownership of media
  • global cultures developed by global culture exists as a local level.
73
Q

Where can resistance to global culture be seen?

A

Through censorship in China. Historically, in Japan and in France.

74
Q

What are the pros of open flows of goods, capital, and people?

A
  • Makes a wide range of goods easily accessible for trade
  • Improves the economy.
  • provides a shared culture and awareness.
  • communication.
75
Q

What are the cons of open flows of goods, capital, and people?

A
  • Conflict and tension may arise between community groups
  • Skilled workforce leaves the country putting pressure on the economy.
  • Local businesses can’t compete with prices of TNCS.
76
Q

Why is London described as a melting pot?

A

It’s a diverse area where people come from many different countries and speak many different languages.

77
Q

What are open borders?

A

Where EU Citizens are free to move around the EU as a right.

78
Q

How is history helped London become a melting pot?

A
  • The 1948 British Nationality Act
  • 1990s shift to the Labour government, attracting migration and the building of the knowledge economy
  • 2004 EU migrants.
79
Q

Define diaspora.

A

The distribution of people away from their homelands.

80
Q

Why has immigration become a controversial issue?

A

Far right nationalist groups that are anti immigration have influenced the public and are gaining power, spreading lies and misinformation which has increased the hatred towards migrants across the UK.

81
Q

What are some of the strengths in damming the Mekong River?

A
  • China has 11 dams along the Mekong River, which is used to create hydroelectric power that can encourage economic development, particularly in the poorest regions, whilst also providing fresh water.
  • In laos dams will provide water for agriculture and HEP
82
Q

What are some of the weaknesses in damming for Mekong River?

A

10 percent of the weather flows has been lost in Vietnam as a result of the dams. This. means that it won’t flood reducing the amount of rice that could be grown.
In Cambodia, there are blackouts as there is enough water to produce enough energy for the population.

83
Q

What are some of the opportunities when damming the Mekong River?

A

Tams could be built in Cambodia, which will provide HEP to boost their economy similarly in Myanmar.

84
Q

What are some of the threats in damming the Mekong River?

A
  • 40% of Vietnam’s population relies on the river. If this is damned, there will be less food and water to support the population.
  • Building dams in Cambodia were displaced many villages that lie along the river.
  • Native fish populations may disappear, which will result in 90% loss in Cambodia, which could lead. which could lead to hunger and food shortages.
85
Q

What is the Mekong River Commission?

A

A group between Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam, which works to correctly manage the river. However, China refuses to join this.

86
Q

What are the strengths of the jumbo valley development?

A

It protects the Jumbo Valley, which is good for indigenous communities, and also protects the grizzly bear habitat, which is primarily in this region.

87
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Jumbo Valley Development.

A

It could be potential economic losses for TNC’s in Canada.

88
Q

Were the opportunities with the Jumbo Valley development?

A

The government could settle ownership claims with the First Nations so that they won’t lose their homeland.

89
Q

What are the threats with the jumbo valley development?

A

Indigenous communities in Canada are losing most of their traditional land rights due to the exploitation of resources by TNC.
Threats to the environment and animals as habitats are lost as a result of fracking and shell mining.

90
Q

What is state-controlled censorship?

A

Where print publishing or broadcasting via tv or radio is run by official state media.

91
Q

What is state monitored censorship?

A

Overseas contact media is monitored and censored.

92
Q

What are the two types of censorship.

A

State controlled and state monitored.

93
Q

What is trade protectionism?

A

The practise of putting limits on foreign trade to protect businesses at home.

94
Q

How have countries attempted to control globalisation

A
  • Censorship
  • limiting immigration
  • trade protectionism.
95
Q

Explain one attempt that has been made to control the spread of globalisation.
4 marks

A

One attempt to control the spread of globalisation is censorship. This is where the Internet and published material was heavily monitored and limited by the government in order to maintain control. This prevents the free flow of information with the aim to protect the population. An example would be the state controlled censorship in China, where print publishing and broadcasting are run by official state media.

96
Q

How has the impact of globalisation threatened the Icelandic language?

A

Only 320,00 people speak Icelandic in the world, with many speaking English as well. This means that Icelandic isn’t an option within technology and the media so the original language is forced to fade as English takes over.

97
Q

Why are the Icelandic government investing in the protection of the language?

A

The icelandic language is not being learnt by the younger generation, so it is dying out, particularly within technology and media.

98
Q

What strategies of the Icelandic government using?

A

The language planning department are working to add new words to Icelandic language to keep up with the modern world. They are also working to match every English word for an Icelandic alternative so young people still learn Icelandic. And they are investing in the creation of a database of Icelandic words, the tn sees to use.

EDEXCEL GEOGRAPHY (18 decks)

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