Health, Human Rights and Intervention Flashcards
1
Q
What is GDP?
A
An economic development index, that looks at the total earnings within a country.
2
Q
What are some cons of using GDP?
A
It doesn’t include earnings abroad or the informal sector. It hides inequalities because an average is taken and doesn’t take into account social factors.
3
Q
What is GNI?
A
Gross national income. It looks at the earnings within a country and abroad.
4
Q
What is HDI?
A
Socioeconomic development indicator, that looks at life expectancy, level of Education and GNI.
5
Q
What are some cons of using HDI?
A
It hides inequalities that may be seen with regional variation. It only reflects long term changes, so you can’t see short term.
6
Q
What is HPI?
A
The Happy Planet Index It looks at environmental and social. factors to measure. sustainable well being within a country.
7
Q
What are some cons of using hpi?
A
There is missing data for over 50 countries. happiness and life satisfaction is subjective.
8
Q
What is the OECD?
A
Organisation for Economic cooperation and Development.
It is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 37 member countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
9
Q
Which of the OECD countries have more equality?
A
Norway and Denmark with a gini coefficient score of 0.25.
10
Q
What OECD country has the worst inequality?
A
The United States with a gini coefficient score of 0.4.
11
Q
How has the gini coefficient scores of the OECD countries changed between 1985 and 2013?
A
The scores have increased, meaning there is more in equality in 2013.
12
Q
What is capitalism
A
Where people keep their profits and progression is encouraged. This means that focus is on economic growth.
13
Q
What is communism?
A
Where the working class owns land and resources, and wealth is shared across the country.
14
Q
What is socialism?
A
Where the government owns and operates the means for production, And people earn what they need so wealth is evenly distributed.
15
Q
What are the top three countries for GDP?
A
- USA
- China
- Germany
16
Q
What are the top three countries for HDI?
A
- Switzerland
- Norway
- Iceland
17
Q
What are the top three countries for HPI?
A
- Vanuatu
- Sweden
- El Salvador
18
Q
Why is there variation between the top three countries for each measure of development?
A
Each measure looks at different factors. So hdi and hpi also look at social well being as well as economic data. This. means that countries that invest more into social services score higher.
19
Q
Describe the trend in the progress of global literacy.
A
The world average for global literacy has increased since 1820 where. Brazil, USA, Russia and France all being above the world average, whilst India, Pakistan, Mali and Afghanistan are all below.
20
Q
Why are the variations in global literacy?
A
The level of economic development so some countries are able to invest more into education.
The government in power may lead to gender inequalities and corruption.
21
Q
Why is education important for women?
A
- improved access to healthcare
- more investment/research into illnesses affecting women
- provides skills for later life
- financial independence
- equality
- able to challenge abuse of human rights
- more power in decision making
22
Q
Why is education important for the whole population?
A
- creates an innovative, aspirational workforce
- social cohesion
- promotion of democracy
- economic potential is reached
- more advanced healthacre provides a healthier workforce
23
Q
What are PISA tests?
A
A way of evaluating education systems by testing the skills and knowledge of 15 year old students. It allows countries to see what systems are effective and learn from each other so that they can adapt programmes to improve education.
24
Q
How have PISA helped education reform?
A
In Germany. reading schools have improved because all day schools were made overall and standards and tests were created. whilst in Brazil, there was an increased enrollment of 15 year olds and mathematics scores improved from the lowest performing students
25
How does the UK rank in the PISA results?
The UK. ranks 14th 15th and 18th for science reading and maths. However, it scores lowest for student well being.
26
Who tops the pisa rankings?
Primarily Asian countries, including. Singapore, China. However, Estonia is the highest scoring in Europe.
27
Why are there large disparities in global life expectancy?
- varying levels of development.
- Climatic conditions
- availability/
accessibility of Healthcare
- Corruption
- Education
- Hazards and natural disasters
- conflict
- level of sanitation and water quality.
28
Why do levels of education vary within countries?
- inequalities between income groups
- gender indequality
29
Why do levels of education vary between countries?
- varying levels of development mean different amounts of money is invested into education
- PISA tests show Asian countries to score highest
30
What factors affect life expectancy?
- education
- income
- diet/lifestyle
- government legislations
- genetics
- environmental factors
- quality of healthcare systems
- socioeconomic status
- human behaviours
31
How can low life expectancy be linked to low schooling rates?
Education is needed to teach a healthy lifestyle. This means that in countries with limited income. screwing may not be a priority. So less money is invested in health care.
32
How does HDI vary within Africa?
North and South Africa score highest for HDI this is. because they are not landlocked countries which provide which provides them with more trade routes.
Whereas Central Africa scores lower for HDI due to the countries being landlocked, Harsher weather conditions, income disparities and corruption,
33
what is the relationship between life expectancy and health expenditure?
As health expenditure increases, life expectancy tends to increase. However , the USA is an outlier to this trend as its life expectancy is reduced largely due to preventable lifestyle factors/choices.
34
what factors have influenced lower life expectancy across in USA?
- smoking
- obesity
- homicides
- opioid overdoses
- suicides
- road traffic accidents
- poverty + income inequality
- infant mortality
35
how does life expectancy vary across England?
Life expectancy is highest in London and the South East. It is lowest and the North East and West of England.
This correlates with levels of deprivation across the UK.
36
why does life expectancy vary across England?
- varying spending on healthy foods
- alcohol consumption
- smoking
- variations in earnings
- lifestyle factors that increase risk of heart disease and cancers
37
who are Australia's stolen generation?
Aboriginal children that were systematically taken from their families, communities and culture and placed in institutions.
This was under assimilation laws and policies that were adopted by the Australian government until 1970.
38
what have been the implications for Australia's stolen generation?
- Many suffered harsh degrading treatment and were frequently indoctrinated to leave aboriginal people were inferior
- grief, pain and trauma
- the loss of connections with family identity, land, language and culture.
This resulted in intergenerational trauma and many of the removed children didnt attend secondary school.
39
What was the government's response to the stolen generation?
The law stopped in 1970 and a final apology was made in 2008 by the Prime Minister.
40
What are the survivor groups calling for?
- Trauma-aware and healing-informed services
- Access to records.
- The national strategy to address intergenerational trauma.
- Monitoring progress towards better outcomes for stolen generations and their descendants.
- A National Centre for healing.
41
What is an example of a full stable democracy?
The UK.
42
What is an example of a Hybrid government regime?
Kenya
43
What is an example of an authoritarian government?
Russia
44
How can government type impact health?
- A full democracy means more money is often spent on healthcare and education, improving its access and technology. This leads to a healthier population to improve economic outputs.
- An authoritarian government also has high spending on health and education. because a healthy workforce is required.
- Hybrid schemes tend to have little. government spending on healthcare and education due to corruption, as most money is going to those in power.
45
What are the neoliberal views of development IGOs promote?
- free trade
- capitalism
- privatisation
- deregulating financial markets
46
What have IGO social development programmes focused on improving?
- Environmental quality
- health
- education
- human rights.
47
What are the millennium development goals?
A set of eight goals created by the UN that ran between 2000 and 2015 aimed at social progress and fighting poverty to reduce the development gap.
48
How successful were the millennium development goals?
There was progress towards all eight goals. However, some were more successful than others.
The most successful were reducing poverty and combating HIV/aids. Were reducing maternal mortality rate and environmental sustainability
49
What are the global goals for sustainable development?
A set of 17 goals created by the UN in 2015. There were have the aim of being achieved by 2030. They aimed to end poverty, tackle climate change, protect the planet and show prosperity for all and fight inequality and injustices.
50
What are human rights?
The rights where you have because you are human
51
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
The list of thirty human rights created by the UN, it is the most agreed on list.
52
Why is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights considered a living document?
It can be changed and updated with the times.
53
Which countries did not sign the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
- Soviet trade bloc
- South Africa
- Saudi Arabia.
54
Why didn't Saudi Arabia sign the UDHR?
They claimed that some of the rights listed did not comply with Islamic law.
55
Why did South Africa not sign the UDHR?
To protect apartheid policies as they violated several human rights.
56
Why did the Soviet trade bloc not sign the UDHR?
There were concerns about individual rights versus collective rights and national sovereignty.
57
What are criticisms of the UDHR?
- it refelcts strong Western values
- not legally binding
- fails to adequately address the rights of future generations
58
What is the UDHR?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
59
What is the ECHR?
The European Convention on Human Rights.
60
What is the European Court of Human Rights?
The court that enforces the human rights outlined by the European Convention on Human Rights.
61
What has the ECHR and ECtHR done for the UK?
- protects people everyday as it ensures governments, schools etc. act in a way that is compatible with the rights listed.
62
why do some argue the ECHR erodes national sovereignty?
- it prevents governments from making their own laws and decisions. This has arguably slowed the extradition of criminals from the UK.
63
what are the benefits of the ECHR?
- protects freedom
64
what are the negatives of the ECHR?
- erodes sovereignty
- could obstruct trade
65
what is the importance of social goals for development?
Social goals, such as environmental quality, human rights, and health/life expectancy, can be achieved when governments invest in healthcare. This allows people to be more economically successful as health and wellbeing is improved
66
why is education important for development?
- education creates a skilled workforce that will increase the value of human capital aiding economic development
67
why is education important?
- improves economic potential
- provides knowledge on human rights
- improves knowledge on hygiene and diet to live a healthier lifestyle
68
what are examples of barriers to education?
- gender discrimination and extremism preventing girls going to school
- cultural identity
- poverty preventing children going to school as it seems more economicallly rewarding to send them to work
69
what are some factors that contribute to lower life expectancy in developing countries?
- poor healthcare + accessibility
- food insecurity leading to malnutrition
- poor access to clean water leading to diseases
70
why does life expectancy vary between developed countries?
- varying investments into healthcare
- lifestyle choices + diet
- deprivation
- quality + accessibility of healthcare
71
what are reasons for variations in life expectancy in the UK?
In the North East:
- increased smoking + alcohol consumption
- more manual jobs
- more deprivation + unemployment due to deindustrialisation
- less spending on healthy foods
72
how can a country improve social well-being?
investing in healthcare and education
73
what are the features of a fully stable democracy?
e.g. UK
- elected governments
- laws protecting human rights
- high government spending on education, health and welfare
74
what are features of a flawed democracy?
e.g. Romania
- rigged elections
- freedoms aren't fully protected
- Infrastructure investment is prioritised over social investment
- citizens may pay for healthcare
75
what are features of a hybrid regime government?
e.g. Kenya
- some democratic characteristics
- little opposition
- little respect for basic civil rights
- range of spending priorities
- less spending on social services
76
what are features of an authoritarian government?
e.g. Russia
- country run by elite
- population obedient to the state
- smaller budget for health + education
-
77
what neoliberal trade view do IGOs promote?
- free trade
- capitalism
- privatisation
- deregulation
78
How does privatisation promote development?
The selling of government businesses. reduces government spending.
79
What have Igos focused on more recently for improving social development?
- environmental quality
- health
- education
- human rights
80
What progress have the millennium development goals made
That was considerable progress worldwide for all eight goals. but this was uneven across regions and countries.
They fell short in the poorest and disadvantaged groups such as in sub-saharan Africa.
81
what is the UK humans rights act?
- created in 1998
- it sets out the rights and freedoms everyone in the UK is entitle to
82
what are the geneva conventions?
- A set of international rules which try to regulate war.
83
What does the Geneva conventions aim to protect?
The rights of civilians, medical staff, wounded armed forces, prisoners of war and shipwrecked Navy forces during conflict.
84
How many countries signed the Geneva Convention?
196, including Russia, Iraq and North Korea.
Despite this many countries have allegations of war crimes.
85
why are there variations in human rights between countries?
- some countries such as the UK prioritise defending human rights
- others favour economic development such as Singapore
86
how can authoritarian governments reduce freedom of speech?
- censoring information
87
how do India and China's governments differ?
- China's is authoritarian, which limited internet and media freedom, and criticism towards human rights
- India's is a democracy, so there is freedom of speech and significant progress for human rights
88
how can corruption be measured?
with the Global Corruption Index (GCI)
89
which countries score the lowest in the GCI
scandinavian countries
90
what countries score highest on the GCI?
Syria and North Korea
91
how can political corruption hinder economic and social development?
- limits growth as funds are spent on government officials instead of social infrastructure
- politicians may exploit or bribe to stay in power
- denying individuals their human rights
- growing inequality between those the government favours and the rest of the population
92
How do human rights vary within countries?
There are variations particularly for minority groups and in post-colonial countries.
93
why have access to human rights been pr0blematic in post-colonial countries?
- governments were often authoritariann and exclueded indigenous people
- post-colonial poverty led to a focus on economic growth rather than social
94
What are examples of abuses to human rights in Pakistan for women?
Pakistan was a part of the British colony, Improving women's rights and lives has been slow:
- forced marriage is common
- female literacy is 46%
- honour killings are still common
95
How are indigenous people of the usa affected by development?
- They live on allocated land by the US government which is normally very remote with underfunded schools and health care services. This leads to people living shorter lives and experiencing poverty.
96
How have womens rights been limited in Afghanistan by the taliban?
- Women are forced to cover their faces in public.
- Women must only leave the house with a male guardian.
- All women in governmental worlds were told to leave their jobs.
97
How are human rights and levels of social development linked within countries?
- A lack of human rights often means lower levels of Social Development.
- Women and minority groups are more likely to experience fewer human rights, resulting in poorer levels of health and education, reducing qualityy of life. This can be due to the government as well as discrimination.
98
How do geopolitical interventions aim to address human development and human rights?
BY PROVIDING:
- development aid
- trade emargos
- military aid
- indiret/direct military action
99
What is development aid?
Financial aid given to developing countries to promote human rights. It is given by developed countries with the UK committing 0.7% of their GNI towards development aid each year.
100
What is an example of development aid?
The UK announcing a £100 million package that was designed to support the most vulnerable parts of the Ukrainian economy and reduce its reliance on gas imports.
101
What is a trade embargo?
A ban that restricts trade with a particular country. This encourages the country to change its actions as it will be more difficult for it to sell its goods.
102
What is an example of a trade embargo?
The EU imposing an arms embargo on Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. This prohibited the supply of arms and services to Russian military with the hope of Russia ceasing actions against Ukraine.
103
What is military aid?
Where countries provide money weapons or military training to help stop human rights abuses.
104
What is an example of military aid?
The US providing several rounds of military aid to Ukraine since Russia's invasion in 2022.
105
What is indirect military action?
Where military equipment or advisers are provided by one country to another.
106
What is an example of indirect military action?
In 2017, British army personnel trained Nigerian forces to help them improve the country's security and fight the Islamist militant group.
107
What is direct military action?
Where armed forces from another country engage in conflict in another.
108
What is an example of direct military action?
In 2003, the USA and UK were among a coalition of countries who sent troops and carried out air strikes in Iraq
109
Who can geopolitical interventions come from?
- IGOs
- NGOs
- Individual countries
110
What are examples of IGO interventions?
- Putting conditions on aid or withholding it
- Imposing trade embargos
- Expressing disapproval of human rights abuses.
111
What are examples of NGO interventions for human rights?
- Monitoring the status of human rights globally.
- Campaigning for the protection of human rights
- Petitioning and lobbying of authoritarian governments.
- Encouraging IGOs and governments to intervene in human rights abuses.
112
Why is it difficult for IGOs, NGOs and national governments to reach consensus on the level of intervention to use
- they have different aims
- Risks that the intervention could lead to a wider conflict.
- Cutting off development aid could reduce the country's ability to support citizens' basic needs.
- Made its reaction may lead to the injury or death of civilians.
- the perceive 'real' reasons for intervention
- disregard for national sovereignty
113
How do Western governments try to improve aspects of human rights in other states?
- Offering aid with attached conditions such as to improve the education of women and girls.
- Negotiating trade agreements such as lowering tariffs.
- Military intervention for the most serious breaches of human rights.
114
Why do government interventions disregard national sovereignty?
One nation is interfering with the governance of another.
115
What type of interventions may NGOs prefer?
peaceful
116
What are the different types of development aid?
- charitable gifts
- loans
-
117
Who provides charitable gifts as development aid?
NGOs and national governments with donations funded by the public.
118
Who provides loans as a part of development aid?
- IGOs suchas the World Bank
119
What is bilateral aid?
Where aid goes directly from one country to another
120
What is multilateral aid?
Where aid goes through an IGO
121
Is aid more commonly multilateral or bilateral?
BILATERAL
Because:
- provides control over where/how money is spent
- quicker actions
- encourages long term relationships with recipient
122
Why is multilateral aid sometimes considered to be more legitimate?
NGOs are less tied to political or economic interests so their projects may be more cost effective and suitable.
123
What aid did Haiti receive after the 2010 earthquake?
- money from donor countries
- humanitarain aid from USA
- recovery, reconstruction and development project from USA
- Oxfam provided humanitarian work and reconstruction/ growth projects
124
What were the concerns about what happened to the aid received by Haiti?
- 2 years later 500,000 were still living in temporary shelter
- not all money was spent when it was supposed too
- poor coordination between NGOs and government so money wasnt used effectively
125
What are some of the concerns about IGO loans?
- environmental damage as some IGOs prioritise economic development
- some countries have to reduce healthcare spending in order to receive loans
- conditions attatched to recieveing loans
126
What is an example of a positive impact of development aid?
- aid targeted at healthcare through vaccination programs have almost eradicated some diseases or improved diagnostics or treatment
127
What did donor nations fund in order to reduce the spread of malaria?
- free insecticide-treated mosquito nets
- free access to new medicines
- better and more accessible diagnosis
128
How was international aid programmes affected the global death rate of malaria?
The death rate fell by 25% between 2000 and 2020 preventing 6.2 million deaths.
129
What have been the impacts of development aid in achieving gender equality?
- reduced maternal mortality rates
- more girls in education
- more women in parliament
130
Why is aid in the form of loans not now recommended?
- increase size of debts
- Technical assistance and skills training is more preferable
131
How can aid dependency hinder economic and political development?
- governments may become reliant on aid money rather than helping local businesses/ industries
- countries can be left at risk if aid is stopped
- aid goods may reduce local prices which is damaging for farmers
- difficult to plan long term projects as aid may stop
- donor countries choose how/where money is used
- aid money may be lost to corruption
132
How is a dependency being reduced?
Focusing on 'real aid' , which has few strings attached, allowing countries to lead their own development.
133
How many political elites use aid money?
- buy votes to remain in power
- build a strong military to repress citizens
- enrich themselves through corruption
134
Who pays the price of corruption?
Often, minority groups such as the poor and women as it results in fewer opportunities and reduced access to jobs, funding, and equality as well as undermining human rights.
135
What impact does economic development have on the environment?
Development aid often focuses on economic development programmes that fail to take environmental issues into consideration, resulting pollution, loss of farmland/ ecosystems and degradation
136
Describe the Niger Delta.
It is an area of diverse ecological zones with mangrove forests, freshwater swamps and tropical rainforest. It is home to more than 31 million people and 40 different ethnic groups including Ogoni people who believe the land and rivers are sacred.
It is also oil rich.
137
What are the social impacts of oil in the Niger Delta?
- 70% of people live below the poverty line.
- Local schools and hospitals are underfunded.
- Access to clean and safe drinking water is limited due to oil spills.
- Traditional livelihoods are damaged by the oil spills.
138
What have been the environmental consequences of extracting oil from the Niger Delta?
- Common oil spills pollute groundwater, surface water and soil. They take 30 years to clean up.
- Mangrove forests and rainforests are frequently destroyed.
- The burning of natural gas causes serious environmental and health problems, as well as acid rain.
139
How has the oil in the Niger delta led to human rights abuses?
- During the 1990s military repeatedly violated the Ogoni tribe's human rights, resulting in 1000 being killed.
- 30,000 were made homeless as villagers were burnt down.
140
What is land grabbing in Kenya?
Where the political elite use land for cash crops for exports, biofuels and the production of renewable energy.
This puts pressure on the land and creates food insecurity as 85% of the population relies on agriculture for livelihoods.
141
What are examples of military aid?
- military training
- providing weapons
142
