Superficial Back

Question 1

Surface landmarks of superficial back

Answer 1

1. External occipital protuberance
2. Vertebral prominens (C7)
3. Fold of trapezius
4. Spine of scapula
5. Medial border of scapula
6. Intrinsic back muscles
7. L4 vertebra
8. iliac crest
9. posterior superior iliac spines

Question 2

Superficial back attachment points on skull

Answer 2

Mastoid process of temporal bone; External occipital protuberance, superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone

Question 3

Vertebral column

Answer 3

33 vertebrae; functions:
- support body weight
-posture
-locomotion
-protection of spinal cord/roots

Question 4

Typical vertebrae

Answer 4

Body, vertebral arch (formed by laminae and pedicles), 7 processes (1 spinous, 2 stransvers, 4 articular)

Question 5

Clavicle Osteology

Answer 5

-Sternoclavicular joint at medial/sternal end
-Acromioclavicular joint and attachment of trapezius at lateral/acromial end
-Conoid tubercle - attachement of coracoclavicular lig.
-Groove for subclavius

Question 6

Scapula Osteology

Answer 6

Attachments for axioappendicular muscles

Question 7

humerus

Answer 7

-greater tubercle (posterior)
-lesser tubercle (anterior)
-Intertubercular groove (anterior) lat attachment site

Question 7

Dorsal vertebral ligaments

Answer 7

interspinous ligaments
supraspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum

Question 8

Ligamentum nuchae

Answer 8

posture and trap stability during contraction. Attaches at ext. occipital protuberance and spinous process of C7

Question 9

Thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 9

separates deep and superficial back muscle

Question 10

Intrinsic back muscles

Answer 10

deep muscles; posture and movements

Question 11

Extrinsic back muscles

Answer 11

superficial back muscles; attach pectoral girdle to axial skeleton
movement of scapula or humerus

Question 12

Innervation of superficial back

Answer 12

determined in early development; muscles innervated by spinal nerves from SC near site of development

Question 13

Trapezius and SCM

Answer 13

cervical somites, innervated by CNXI, motor fibers from C1-5,6

Question 14

Latissimus Dorsi

Answer 14

formed from myoblasts in somites in lower cervical/upper thoracic migrating to site of upper limb formation
innervated by Thoracodorsal nerve (C5,6,7) from brachial plexus

Question 15

Dorsal rami

Answer 15

innervate intrinsic back muscles and suboccipital muscles

Question 16

Ventral rami

Answer 16

innervates virtually everything else

Question 17

1st layer of superficial back muscles

Answer 17

trap and lat

Question 18

2nd layer of extrinsic back muscles

Answer 18

levator scapular, rhomboid minor and major

Question 19

3rd layer of intermediate muscles

Answer 19

serratus posterior superior and inferior

Question 20

Trapezius

Answer 20

Origin - occipital protub, nuchal ligament, spinous process
insertion - spine + acromion of scapula, lateral 1/3 clavicle
Innervation by CNXI
Mulitple movements : scapula elevation (descending), retraction (middle), depression (ascending), upward rotation (descending +a ascending)

Question 21

Spinal Accessory Nerve

Answer 21

C1-C5, 6 ventral rami exiting skull via jugular foramen. Damage to this nerve can cause shoulder drop and weakness, difficulty lifting upper limp > 90 degrees

Question 22

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 22

Origin - T7 to T12 spinous process
Insertion - Inter-tubercular groove of humerus between pec and teres maj
Innervation - Thoracodorsal nerve of C6,7,8
Action - arm extension, medial rotation, adduction, and moves trunk forward when humerus fixed (crutches)

Question 23

Levator scapulae

Answer 23

elevates scapula
internal rotation

Question 24

Rhomboid minor

Answer 24

origin - C7/T1
Insertion - medial border of scapula, at or above spine
innervation by dorsal scapular n.
retraction, inferior rotation

Question 25

Rhomboid minor

Answer 25

origin - T2
Insertion - medial border of scapula below spine
innervation by dorsal scapular n.
Inferior rotation

Question 26

Dorsal scapular nerve

Answer 26

C5 ventral ramus; innervates levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor

Question 27

interrrmediate back muscles

Answer 27

attache vertebrae to ribs, aiding in respiration/proprioreceptive
serratus posterior superior and inferior

Question 28

Branches of thyrocervical trunk

Answer 28

inferior thyroid artery
ascending cervical a.
transverse cervical a
suprascapular a.

Question 29

Trapezius vasculature

Answer 29

superficial branch of transverse cervical artery ( off of thyrocervical trunk)

Question 30

2nd layer vasculature

Answer 30

dorsal scapular artery (most often)
runs dorsally deep to levator scapulae, inferiorly along medial border to inferior angle of scapula

Question 31

Lat vasculature

Answer 31

thoracodorsal artery (branch of subscapular artery that branches from axillary artery. Runs with nerve

Question 32

Scapular anastomosis

Answer 32

network of interconnected arteries around scapul: provide collateral blood flow to the shoulder and upper back. Crucial for maintaining adequate blood supply, especially when one artery is compromised.