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Human Structure > Intro To Embryo - weeks 1 thru 2 > Flashcards

Intro To Embryo - weeks 1 thru 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Embryology

A

study of development and growth of living organism within the uterus, beginning with fertilization and ending with birth of child

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2
Q

Developement

A

extends from fertilization to death

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3
Q

Proliferation

A

increase in cell numbers

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4
Q

Diversification

A

specialization of cells, involving processes of differentiation, pattern formation and morphogenesis

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5
Q

Cellular Differentiation

A

process by which cells become different from another, through progressive acquisition of structural and biochemical specialization

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6
Q

Number of different specialized cells in adult human

A

over 200

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7
Q

Genomic Equivalence

A

Problem in which cells must differentiate but contain the same genes. Solved thorugh differential gene activity

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8
Q

Differential Gene Activity

A

Different genes turned on and off during development, leading specific gene expressions in differentiated cells (specific genes define cell purpose)

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9
Q

Totipotent

A

potential to become any type of cell, extraembryonic or embryonic (zygote and morula)

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10
Q

Pluripotent

A

Somewhat limited differentiation, forming all cells in adult (inner cell mass, epiblast)

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11
Q

Gurdon Lab Experiment

A

experiment in which a complete tadpole and frog resulted from a donor blastula, confirming that differential gene activity does no lead to genes being irreversibly turned off

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12
Q

Pattern formation

A

Complex organization of cell fates in space and time, meaning that structures must form in the correct place, order, and at the correct time. Controlled and regulated by gene expression

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13
Q

Spatial Organization of tissues and organs

A

set up by pattern formation

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14
Q

Lineage

A

developmental history of a differentiated cell, restricts its response to positional information.

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15
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Change in shape; process responsible for producing complex shapes of adults from simple ball of cells derived from division of conceptus. Mechanical process induced by genetic programs according to spatial patterning of cell

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16
Q

Example of mechanism that directs morphogenesis

A

loss of cell to cell adhesion, aka cell migration

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17
Q

Processes resulting from altered cell adhesion

A

migration, ingression, delamination

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18
Q

Migration

A

movement of individual cell with respect to other cellls, notably neural crest cellls and germ cells migrate far from original locaiton

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19
Q

Ingression

A

movement of cell from surface to interior

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20
Q

Delamination

A

movement of cells out of epithelial sheet, often to convert a single layer into multiple layers. Important for gastrulation

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21
Q

Gestational age

A

used clinically to determine pregnancy stage, based on LMP

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22
Q

Fertilization age

A

Actual age of developing human, based on time from fertilization, 2 week past LMP (normally 38 weeks to parturition). Staging used in embryology

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23
Q

Conceptus

A

unimplanted fertilizaed zygote

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24
Q

Embryo

A

implanted zygote

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25
Q

Fetus

A

developing human, named at week 9

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26
Q

Fertilzation

A

Formation of a zygote/totipotent cell from the fusion of sperm and egg

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27
Q

Zona Pellucida function

A

-prevents premature implantation
-lacks self antigen (hide from host immune system
-important for sperm attachement

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28
Q

Cleavage

A

specialized cell division whereby daughter cells divide rapidly, reducing size with each division

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29
Q

Morula

A

12 to 32 cells

30
Q

Compaction

A

formation of tight junctions between outer blastomeres, forming inner and outer ell mass with tight junction serving for ion transfer

31
Q

blastomere

A

individual cell that results from cleavage

32
Q

16 cell morula

A

now pluripotent

33
Q

Blastocyst Formation

A

result of compaction and fluid infiltration following ion transport

34
Q

Trophoblasts

A

Form outer cell layer of blastocyst following compaction. Will form protective membranes

35
Q

Inner cell mass

A

pluripotent cell mass that will form embryo

36
Q

Hatching

A

Degradation of zona pellucida surrounding blastocyst that allows for the now floating blastocyst to hatch on day 5 to 6

37
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

differentiated trophoblast, pluripotent cell population that will support the embryo itself

38
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

MULTI NUCLEATED differentiated trophoblast that orients to endometrial wall during implantation, secreting degrading enzymes to allow for implantation, secreting HCG, and also forms lacunae network. GIVES RISE TO EMBRYO CONTRIBUTION OF UTEROPLACENTAL CIRCULATION VIA DECIDUA REACTION

39
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

cancer of the syncytiotrophoblast

40
Q

Early spontaneous abortion

A

most due to chromosomal abnormalities (prob with meiosis or nondisjunction)

41
Q

Lithopedion

A

result of ectopic pregnancy of abdominal cavity

42
Q

Multipotent

A

form some cells, restricted potential (gastrula)

43
Q
A
44
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

can form all differentiated cell types (pluripotential)

45
Q

Adult stem cells

A

can form a limited number of differentiated cell types (multipotent) (ex: blood SC can only produce more blood cells)

46
Q

IVF

A

Harvesting of extra blastocysts for potential future implantation

47
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

potential of immune rejection is high

48
Q

Somatic nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning)

A

Same genotype as patient = no rejection

49
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

banned in many countries

50
Q

Inducible pluripotent stem cells

A

can generate pluripotent SC that appear analogous to ESC, potential for producing SC with same genotype as patient and therapeutics that are finely tuned to specific diseases

51
Q

Trophoblastic lacunae

A

form in syncytiotrophoblasts

52
Q

Decidual cells

A

swollen, nutrient filled endometrial stromal cells that form in response to invasion of lacunar network

53
Q

Decidual anastomosis

A

formed by syncytiotrophoblasts invasion and rupture of endometrial sinusoids, causing the lacunar network to be filled with parental blood

54
Q

lamina

A

meaning layer

55
Q

inner cell mass

A

differentiates into epiblasts and hypoblasts

56
Q

Epiblasts

A

DORSAL - give rise to all cells in the adult human

57
Q

Hypoblasts

A

VENTRAL - give rise to yolk sack and related structure

58
Q

Cavitation

A

occurs at embryonic pole

59
Q

Bilaminar Embryonic Disc

A

Formed by cavitation of amniotic cavity and blastocoel, so that disk is suspended at edges. Establishes dorsal-ventral axis

60
Q

Prechordal plate

A

forms in cranial hypoblasts, establishing cranial-caudal axis

61
Q

Amniotic cavity

A

formed by cavitation at embryonic pole; lined by epiblasts at embryoblast surface and amniocytes at cytotrophoblast surface

62
Q

Primary yolk sac

A

established from blastocoel by hypoblasts migrated toward abembryonic pole. Initially lined by hypoblasts initially. Positioned ventral to embyroblast.

63
Q

Extraembryonic Mesoderm

A

Formed by yolk sac (parietal) hypoblasts. Proliferates until it surrounds the embryo

64
Q

Chorionic cavity

A

formed by cavitation of the extraembryonic mesoderm

65
Q

Splanchnic extraembryonic mesoderm

A

associated with yolk sac (hypoblasts)

66
Q

Somatic extraembryonic mesoderm

A

associated with amnion(epiblasts) and cytotrophoblasts)

67
Q

Chorion

A

formed by somatic extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblasts (membrane surrounding the chorionic cavity)

68
Q

Connecting stalk

A

column of somatic extraembronic mesoderm that suspends embryo in chorionic cavity

69
Q

Secondary/definitive yolk sac

A

formed by the pinching off and degeneration of the primary yolk sac at the abembryonic pole

70
Q

chorionic stem vill

A

form and grow into blood filled lacunae

71
Q

Chorionic vessels

A

vessels of the embryo formed by the somatic extraembryonic mesoderm,

72
Q

4 layers through which embryonic blood and parental blood communicates

A

synctiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, loose CT at core of chorionic stem villus, and endothelium of chorionic vessels

Human Structure (10 decks)

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