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Human Structure > Intro to nervous system and spinal cord > Flashcards

Intro to nervous system and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

consists of brain, brainstem, and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

consists of autonomic ganglia, sensory ganglia, nerves and plexus

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3
Q

Nuclei

A

group of cell bodies within CNS

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4
Q

Tracts

A

group of axons in CNS

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

group of cell body in PNS

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6
Q

Nerves

A

Group of axon in PNS

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7
Q

Neuron

A

functional unit of nervous system. Receive, conduct, and transmit info by changes in membrane conductance of sodium, potassium, chloride, or calcium ions

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8
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs leaving the skull

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9
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs leaving the vertebral column (segmental due to development)

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10
Q

Somatic nerves

A

travel to body wall and muscles

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls smooth muscles/glands

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12
Q

Thoracolumbar

A

Sympathetic division of ANS

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13
Q

Craniosacral

A

Parasympathetic division of ANS

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14
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

sensory neuron (afferent) involved in olfaction, vision, hearing

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15
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

sensory neuron (afferent) involved in touch, position, pain, temperature

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16
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

motor (efferent) neuron

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17
Q

Neural Tube

A

Initially comprised of pseudo-stratified epithelium made of multipotent neural stem cells. Has both a pial surface and ventral surface

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18
Q

Neuroepithelium

A

divides and differentiates into structures of CNS ( first neurons, second glial cells, third ependymal cells + significant portion of PNS)

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19
Q

Ventricular surface

A

aka luminal surface; area where rapid cell division of neuroepithelium takes place

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20
Q

Pial Surface

A

location of post mitotic differentiation of proliferated neuroepithelium into neuroblasts and glialblasts

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21
Q

CNS Glial Cells

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia (microglia arise from mesenchymal cells/mesoderm)

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22
Q

PNS Glial Cells

A

Schwann cells, satellite cells, arising from the neural crest cells (NOT NEUROEPITHELIUM)

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23
Q

Glial Cell Functions

A

structural components contact blood vessels, provide nutrients, serve immune functions, and produce myelin

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24
Q

Fibrous Astrocyte

A

Forms white matter

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25
Protoplasmic Astrocyte
grey matter
26
Ependymal cells
ciliated cells lining central canal and ventricles, contributing to choroid plexus
27
Microglia
act as macrophages
28
oligodendrocytes
myelin forming glia of the CNS, associated with multiple regions of an axon or several neurons
29
Schwann Cells
neurolemma forming glia of the PNS, associated with a portion of a single axon
30
Sulcus limitans
small groove in ventricular zone separating basal and alar plates
31
Mantle zone
formed by dorsal and ventral groups, external to ventricular layer. Develops into grey matter of CNS. Axons extend to third layer - marginal layer
32
marginal layer
contains no cell bodies, made up of axons from mantle layer. becomes white matter
33
Dorsal group
called alar plate
34
ventral group
called basal plate
35
Alar plate
dorsal to sulcus limitans; will become dorsal horn and form grey matter containing sensory related neurons. Afferent info comes from sensory neurons (bipolar neurons)
36
Basal plate
ventral to the sulcus limitans; will become ventral and intermediate horn; grey matter containing motor neurons/efferent signaling
37
SAME DAVE
Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent
37
Dorsal Horn
formed of alar plate. Contains sensory neurons
38
Gray matter of adult spinal cord
cellular matrix(mainly cell bodies) on the interior, making up lateral(intermediate), ventral, and dorsal horns
39
White matter of spinal card
many myelinated fibers, both ascending and descending tracts
40
Central Canal
lined by ependymal cell sand filled with CSF
41
Ventral Horn
derived from basal plate. Motor/efferent signaling
42
Intermediat (lateral) horn
derived from basal plate, visceral motor
43
Spinal Nerve
mixed of afferent and efferent fibers from ventral and dorsal roots
44
dorsal root ganglia
cluster of cell bodies from dorsal root sensory neurons that are pseudiunipolar, formed by neural crest cells migrating toward spinal cord
45
peripheral ganglia
arise from neural crest cells that have migrated away from forming spinal cord
46
dorsal primary ramus
mixed nerve innervating dorsal axial muscles (deep back muscles), vertebral joints, visceral motor to the back, and skin of back
47
ventral primary ramus
mixed nerve innervating limbs and ventral body wall, forming major nerve plexuses. {Somatic motor to trunk and limb, visceral motor to body wall and limbs, sensory of lateral and anterior trunk, upper an lower limbs}
48
Cervical spinal nerves
Cervical SN #1 through 8, exit above corresponding vertebrae except for C8
49
Thoracic spinal nerves
12 pairs, exiting below corresponding vertebrae
50
Lumbar spinal nerves
5 pairs exiting below vertebrae, extending past spinal cord through cauda equina
51
Sacral spinal nerves
5 sacral nerves, exiting below vertebrae, extending past spinal cord through cauda equina
52
coccygeal spinal nerve
1 coccygeal spinal nerves
53
Conus medullaris
termination of spinal cord at L1-2
54
Plexus
atypical nerve formation from merging of ventral rami. 4 main plexuses: cervical, bracihal, lumbar, and sacral
55
Peripheral Sensory fibers
afferent fibers bringing info to CNS, made of bipolar or pseudiunipolar neurons (DRG in spinal cord, Cranial nerve ganglia in brainstem)
56
Peripheral Motor Fibers
Efferent fibers carrying info toward muscle, multipolar neurons of spinal nerves(off of spinal cord) and cranial nerves(off of brainstem)
57
Somatic afferent function
sensory info of the body, including pain, temp, touch, proprioception/ vibration
58
Visceral afferent function
sensory info of organs; info from internal organs to CNS, such as osmolality, CO2 concentration
59
visceral efferent
motor control of organs (guts) through a two neuron connection : multipolar neurons of brainstem and lateral horn project to autonomic ganglia, ganglion cells project to smooth/cardiac muscle and glandular tissue. NOT under voluntary control EX: movement of organs, blood vessel diameter.
59
somatic efferent
motor control of body, connection brainstem/ventral horn to skeletal muscle producing movement
60
Somatic
deals with body/voluntary
61
Visceral
deals with involuntary => autonomic nervous system and visceral sensory division
62
Cauda Equina
nerve roots of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves
63
Filum terrminale
attaches spinal cord/coverings to coccyx, has both dural and pial portion
64
Tethered Cord Syndrome
tissue attachments that limit movement of spinal cord. Linked to spina bifida, can be secondary to trauma or surgery. Pts may develop change in pain, sensory deficits, altered B&B function. Sx worsen with flexion/extension
65
Spinal enlargements
2 regions to accommodate increased size of ventral horns to provide motor innervation to limbs - Cervical and Lumbar enlargements
66
Cervical SC lesion
quadriplegia and wheelchair bound
67
Thoracic SC lesion
quad/paraplegia, wheelchair
68
Lumbar SC lesion
paraplegia, ambulates with aid
69
Sacral SC lesion
some ambulation, bowel and bladder disruption
70
Dermatome
all skin innervated by cells of a single dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve
71
Myotome
all muscle fibers innervated by a single spinal nerve
72
Nipple line dermatome
T4
73
Umbilicus dermatome
T10
74
spinal meninges
3 layers of membranes surrounding spinal cord
75
dura mater
most superficial spinal meninx; 1 layer of dense irregular CT. Forms dural sac, which is continuous with epineurium as spinal nerves exit vertebral canal. Extends to S2, distally blends with periosteum to form filum terminale coating. Is separated from vertebrae by epidural fat and space
76
arachnoid mater
middle spinal meninx; thin layer of CT lined with simple layer of flattened cells on internal and external surface. Connected to pia mater with trabeculae, giving web like appearance. Potential space btwn arachnoid and dura is called subdural space. Potential space btwn arachnoid and pia is called subarachnoid space, which is filled with CSF.
77
pia mater
deepest spinal meninx; vascular and closely applied to spinal cord; forms extensions that connect to dura mater as 21 pairs of denticulate ligaments, running longitudinally between dorsal and ventral roots and suspend spinal cord from side to side within dural sac. Extends caudally past spinal cord as filum terminale internum
78
coccygeal ligament
AKA filum terminale externum; specialized meninges that attaches meninges to coccyx, compesed of all 3 meninges layers.

Human Structure (10 decks)

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