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Human Structure > Intro to nervous system and spinal cord > Flashcards

Intro to nervous system and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

consists of brain, brainstem, and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

consists of autonomic ganglia, sensory ganglia, nerves and plexus

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3
Q

Nuclei

A

group of cell bodies within CNS

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4
Q

Tracts

A

group of axons in CNS

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

group of cell body in PNS

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6
Q

Nerves

A

Group of axon in PNS

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7
Q

Neuron

A

functional unit of nervous system. Receive, conduct, and transmit info by changes in membrane conductance of sodium, potassium, chloride, or calcium ions

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8
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs leaving the skull

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9
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs leaving the vertebral column (segmental due to development)

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10
Q

Somatic nerves

A

travel to body wall and muscles

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls smooth muscles/glands

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12
Q

Thoracolumbar

A

Sympathetic division of ANS

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13
Q

Craniosacral

A

Parasympathetic division of ANS

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14
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

sensory neuron (afferent) involved in olfaction, vision, hearing

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15
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

sensory neuron (afferent) involved in touch, position, pain, temperature

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16
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

motor (efferent) neuron

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17
Q

Neural Tube

A

Initially comprised of pseudo-stratified epithelium made of multipotent neural stem cells. Has both a pial surface and ventral surface

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18
Q

Neuroepithelium

A

divides and differentiates into structures of CNS ( first neurons, second glial cells, third ependymal cells + significant portion of PNS)

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19
Q

Ventricular surface

A

aka luminal surface; area where rapid cell division of neuroepithelium takes place

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20
Q

Pial Surface

A

location of post mitotic differentiation of proliferated neuroepithelium into neuroblasts and glialblasts

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21
Q

CNS Glial Cells

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia (microglia arise from mesenchymal cells/mesoderm)

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22
Q

PNS Glial Cells

A

Schwann cells, satellite cells, arising from the neural crest cells (NOT NEUROEPITHELIUM)

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23
Q

Glial Cell Functions

A

structural components contact blood vessels, provide nutrients, serve immune functions, and produce myelin

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24
Q

Fibrous Astrocyte

A

Forms white matter

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25
Q

Protoplasmic Astrocyte

A

grey matter

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26
Q

Ependymal cells

A

ciliated cells lining central canal and ventricles, contributing to choroid plexus

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27
Q

Microglia

A

act as macrophages

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28
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelin forming glia of the CNS, associated with multiple regions of an axon or several neurons

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29
Q

Schwann Cells

A

neurolemma forming glia of the PNS, associated with a portion of a single axon

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30
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

small groove in ventricular zone separating basal and alar plates

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31
Q

Mantle zone

A

formed by dorsal and ventral groups, external to ventricular layer. Develops into grey matter of CNS. Axons extend to third layer - marginal layer

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32
Q

marginal layer

A

contains no cell bodies, made up of axons from mantle layer. becomes white matter

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33
Q

Dorsal group

A

called alar plate

34
Q

ventral group

A

called basal plate

35
Q

Alar plate

A

dorsal to sulcus limitans; will become dorsal horn and form grey matter containing sensory related neurons. Afferent info comes from sensory neurons (bipolar neurons)

36
Q

Basal plate

A

ventral to the sulcus limitans; will become ventral and intermediate horn; grey matter containing motor neurons/efferent signaling

37
Q

SAME DAVE

A

Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent

37
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

formed of alar plate. Contains sensory neurons

38
Q

Gray matter of adult spinal cord

A

cellular matrix(mainly cell bodies) on the interior, making up lateral(intermediate), ventral, and dorsal horns

39
Q

White matter of spinal card

A

many myelinated fibers, both ascending and descending tracts

40
Q

Central Canal

A

lined by ependymal cell sand filled with CSF

41
Q

Ventral Horn

A

derived from basal plate. Motor/efferent signaling

42
Q

Intermediat (lateral) horn

A

derived from basal plate, visceral motor

43
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

mixed of afferent and efferent fibers from ventral and dorsal roots

44
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

cluster of cell bodies from dorsal root sensory neurons that are pseudiunipolar, formed by neural crest cells migrating toward spinal cord

45
Q

peripheral ganglia

A

arise from neural crest cells that have migrated away from forming spinal cord

46
Q

dorsal primary ramus

A

mixed nerve innervating dorsal axial muscles (deep back muscles), vertebral joints, visceral motor to the back, and skin of back

47
Q

ventral primary ramus

A

mixed nerve innervating limbs and ventral body wall, forming major nerve plexuses. {Somatic motor to trunk and limb, visceral motor to body wall and limbs, sensory of lateral and anterior trunk, upper an lower limbs}

48
Q

Cervical spinal nerves

A

Cervical SN #1 through 8, exit above corresponding vertebrae except for C8

49
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves

A

12 pairs, exiting below corresponding vertebrae

50
Q

Lumbar spinal nerves

A

5 pairs exiting below vertebrae, extending past spinal cord through cauda equina

51
Q

Sacral spinal nerves

A

5 sacral nerves, exiting below vertebrae, extending past spinal cord through cauda equina

52
Q

coccygeal spinal nerve

A

1 coccygeal spinal nerves

53
Q

Conus medullaris

A

termination of spinal cord at L1-2

54
Q

Plexus

A

atypical nerve formation from merging of ventral rami. 4 main plexuses: cervical, bracihal, lumbar, and sacral

55
Q

Peripheral Sensory fibers

A

afferent fibers bringing info to CNS, made of bipolar or pseudiunipolar neurons (DRG in spinal cord, Cranial nerve ganglia in brainstem)

56
Q

Peripheral Motor Fibers

A

Efferent fibers carrying info toward muscle, multipolar neurons of spinal nerves(off of spinal cord) and cranial nerves(off of brainstem)

57
Q

Somatic afferent function

A

sensory info of the body, including pain, temp, touch, proprioception/ vibration

58
Q

Visceral afferent function

A

sensory info of organs; info from internal organs to CNS, such as osmolality, CO2 concentration

59
Q

visceral efferent

A

motor control of organs (guts) through a two neuron connection : multipolar neurons of brainstem and lateral horn project to autonomic ganglia, ganglion cells project to smooth/cardiac muscle and glandular tissue. NOT under voluntary control EX: movement of organs, blood vessel diameter.

59
Q

somatic efferent

A

motor control of body, connection brainstem/ventral horn to skeletal muscle producing movement

60
Q

Somatic

A

deals with body/voluntary

61
Q

Visceral

A

deals with involuntary => autonomic nervous system and visceral sensory division

62
Q

Cauda Equina

A

nerve roots of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves

63
Q

Filum terrminale

A

attaches spinal cord/coverings to coccyx, has both dural and pial portion

64
Q

Tethered Cord Syndrome

A

tissue attachments that limit movement of spinal cord. Linked to spina bifida, can be secondary to trauma or surgery. Pts may develop change in pain, sensory deficits, altered B&B function. Sx worsen with flexion/extension

65
Q

Spinal enlargements

A

2 regions to accommodate increased size of ventral horns to provide motor innervation to limbs - Cervical and Lumbar enlargements

66
Q

Cervical SC lesion

A

quadriplegia and wheelchair bound

67
Q

Thoracic SC lesion

A

quad/paraplegia, wheelchair

68
Q

Lumbar SC lesion

A

paraplegia, ambulates with aid

69
Q

Sacral SC lesion

A

some ambulation, bowel and bladder disruption

70
Q

Dermatome

A

all skin innervated by cells of a single dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve

71
Q

Myotome

A

all muscle fibers innervated by a single spinal nerve

72
Q

Nipple line dermatome

A

T4

73
Q

Umbilicus dermatome

A

T10

74
Q

spinal meninges

A

3 layers of membranes surrounding spinal cord

75
Q

dura mater

A

most superficial spinal meninx; 1 layer of dense irregular CT. Forms dural sac, which is continuous with epineurium as spinal nerves exit vertebral canal. Extends to S2, distally blends with periosteum to form filum terminale coating. Is separated from vertebrae by epidural fat and space

76
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle spinal meninx; thin layer of CT lined with simple layer of flattened cells on internal and external surface. Connected to pia mater with trabeculae, giving web like appearance. Potential space btwn arachnoid and dura is called subdural space. Potential space btwn arachnoid and pia is called subarachnoid space, which is filled with CSF.

77
Q

pia mater

A

deepest spinal meninx; vascular and closely applied to spinal cord; forms extensions that connect to dura mater as 21 pairs of denticulate ligaments, running longitudinally between dorsal and ventral roots and suspend spinal cord from side to side within dural sac. Extends caudally past spinal cord as filum terminale internum

78
Q

coccygeal ligament

A

AKA filum terminale externum; specialized meninges that attaches meninges to coccyx, compesed of all 3 meninges layers.

Human Structure (10 decks)

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