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Intro To HS Flashcards

1
Q

Median-Sagittal Plane (aka mid-sagittal)

A

Plane that divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves

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2
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Any vertical plane parallel to median plane

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3
Q

Median plane of the hand

A

divides hand into equal left and right halves (denoted by 3rd digit)

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4
Q

Median plane of the foot

A

divides foot into equal left and right halves (denoted by 2nd digit)

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5
Q

Transverse plane (aka axial or horozontial)

A

Parallel to the short axis/ground, perpendicular to long axis, dividing body in superior and inferior portions

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6
Q

Cranial (rostral)

A

towards the head (superior)

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7
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail/hind (inferior)

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8
Q

Unilateral

A

affecting one side of the body

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9
Q

Bilateral

A

on or affecting both sides

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10
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side (ipse=self)

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11
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite side

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12
Q

Superficial fascia

A

AKA subQ tissue or hypodermis, containing loose connective tissue and adipose. Located between dermis of skin and deep fascia of underlying muscles

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13
Q

Deep fascia

A

AKA investing fascia. Sheets or bands of connective tissue, containing collagen and some elastin/elastic fibers. Surrounds or envelops muscles, bone, nerves, vessels. Invaginates to separate layers of muscle and separates muscles into different compartments

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14
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Consists of cranial cavity and spinal cavity (continues by foramen magnum)

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15
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Divided into 2 subcavities by diaphragm - thoracic and abdominopelvic

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16
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

2 pleural cavities, pericardial cavity

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17
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

GI, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen. AKA peritoneal cavity

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18
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

internal reproductive systems and bladder

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19
Q

Great Vessels

A

Pulmonary Trunk, Ascending Aorta, Vena Cava, pulmonary veins

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20
Q

Aortic Arch

A

Left common carotid, L subclavian, brachiocephalic artery

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21
Q

Brachiocephalic artery

A

Gives R common carotid, right subclavian

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22
Q

Right subclavian

A

Right vertebral, right thyrocervical trunk

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23
Q

Vena comitans or comitantes

A

Latin for accompanying vein. Arrangement of 2 deep veins accompanying medium sized arteries in upper and lower limbs

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24
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood AWAY from heart. Thicker tunica media, internal and external elastic lamina to stand higher pressure

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25
Veins
Return blood to heart . Thinner walled. Larger veins have valves formed by endothelium.
26
Tunica Intima
endothelium; forms valves in large veins
27
Tunica media
smooth muscle; thicker in arteries.
28
Primary lymphoid tissue
bone marrow, thymus; site of production/maturation of immune cells
29
Secondary Lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes, appendix, peyer's patches, tonsils, spleen. Mature naive immune cells, role in antigen presentation.
30
Interstitial fluid
Extracellular fluid, produced from plasma that leaves capillaries. 85-90% is taken back up, but the remaining 10 to 15% becomes lymphatic fluid
31
Lymphatic vessels
capillaries, vessels, trunks, and ducts making up a low pressure system responsible for lymph drainage
32
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
33
Peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves; 31 pairs of spinal nerves
34
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Relay impoulses back to CNS
35
Motor (efferent) neurons
somatic + autonomic effectors
36
Somatic effectors
1 nerve controlling skeletal muscle
37
Autonomic effectors
visceral motor merves, 2 nerve communication acting on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
38
Segmental Innervation
segmental development of embryo gives rise to segmental structures such as vertebrae, muscles, and skin regions (ex: each nerve innervates certain muscles and skin regions
39
Flat bones
2 parallel layers of compact bone w/ layer of spongy bone in between. Protection and ample surface for muscle attachments
40
Flat bone examples
skull bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae
41
Short bones
roughly cubed shapes, spongy bone and thin outer layer of compact bone. Provide support and stability with little movement.
42
Short bone examples
carpals and tarsals
43
Sesamoid bones
small, round bones developing within tendons. Protect tendons from wear and tear by reducing friction. Ex: patella
44
Long bones
longer than wide; movement and support. Consist of diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), and a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow
45
diaphysis
shaft of long bone
46
epiphysis
end of long bone
47
Long bone examples
femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, phalanges
48
Irregular bones
complex shapes; often thin layers of compact bone surrounding spongy bone. Ex: vertebra, pelvic bones, mandible, sphenoid
49
Sutural bones
AKA Wormian bones; small irregularly shaped bones along sutures, most commonly along lambdoid suture
50
Lambdoid suture
Suture between parietal and occipital lobe
51
Facets
small flat surface for joint articulation
52
condyles
rounded protuberance for joint articulation
53
Trochlea
spool shaped structure, acting like pulley (ex: distal end of humerus)
54
Fossa
depression in surface of bone, often on 1 side of articulation
55
Groove/sulcus
lengthy depression on bone surface
56
Elevations/Prominences
Act as attachment sites
57
Crest/line
type of bony prominence
58
Tubercle
small, rounded prominence (ex: humerus)
59
Tuberosity
medium sized prominence (ex: gluteal tuberosity of femur)
60
Trochanter
largest of prominences, describing prominences at proximal end of femur
61
Tendons
dense, regular CT (mostly collagen fibers ) that attach muscle to bone
62
Aponeurosis
flat sheet of dense, regular CT/flat sheet of tendon (ex: palmar aponeurosis)
63
Ligament
Dense, regular CT attaching bone to bone
64
Muscle naming criteria
Shape, location, action, connection
65
Origin
muscle attachment to immobile skeletal structure
66
Insertion
attachement ot mobile skeletal structure
67
Cross 1 joint
muscles that cross 1 joint move 1 skeletal structure
68
Cross 2 joints
muscles that cross 2 joints move 2+ structures
69
Anterior surface insertion
Medial rotation
70
Posterior surface insertion
lateral rotation
71
Flexion
Decreases the angel between 2 body parts (ex: flexion at knee decreases angle between knee and thigh) AKA moving closer
72
Extension
Increasing angle btwn 2 body parts or returning to anatomical position (ex: extension at knee increases angle btwn femur and tibia)
73
ADduction
moving toward median plane
74
ABduction
moving away from median plane
75
Circumduction
compound movement at ball joints in circular motion (combines flexion, extension, adduction, abduction)
76
Medial (internal) rotation
rotational movement toward midline
77
Lateral (external) rotation
movement away from midline
78
Lateral flexion
bending of spine away from midline
79
Rotation
about longitudinal axis (shaking head no)
80
Elevation
movement superiorly
81
depression
movement inferiorly
82
protraction
anterolateral movement of scapular
83
Rectraction
posteromedial movement of scapula
84
Opposition
bringing thumb and 5th digit together
85
Reposition
returning thumb to anatomical position
86
dorsiflexion
toes up
87
plantarflexion
toes down
88
Inversion
sole points medially
89
eversion
sole points laterally

Human Structure (10 decks)

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