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Human Structure > Deep Back > Flashcards

Deep Back Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral Level

A

Level associated with numbered vertebrae

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2
Q

Spinal level

A

Level at spinal segements and roots are present

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3
Q

Primary curvature of vertebral column

A

present in fetus, concave anterirorly. Remnant in adult at thoracic and sacral level

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4
Q

Secondary curvatures of VC

A

Arise during development, function: load bearing. Concave posteriorly (thoracic and lumbar

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5
Q

Kyphosis

A

excessive curvature of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

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6
Q

Lordosis

A

excessive curvature of lumbar vertebrae

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7
Q

Unique characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae

A

-thin bodies
-bifid spinous process
-large vertebral foramen(allows for cervical enlargement of spinal cord)
-articular facets nearly horizontal (allows for wide range of motion)
-transverse foramen

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7
Q

Atypical vertebrae of cervical region

A

atlas (c1) and axis (C2), C7 spinous process

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8
Q

Atlas (C1)

A

Anterior arch and posterior arch form atypical vertebral foramen, no real body
Lateral masses support superior articular facets that fit occipital condyles and are shaped to allow rocking motion of nodding yes
Articular facet for dens of C2

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9
Q

Axis (C2)

A

Dens
Superior articular facets articulate with atlas
Posterior articular facet of dens articulates with C1 and interacts with the transverse ligament

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10
Q

Hangman’s Fracture

A

bilateral fracture of pars interarticularis on C2 with assoc. traumatic subluxation of C2 on C3; can be caused by MVA, diving injuries

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11
Q

Vertebral Arteries

A

arise in neck, passing superiorly through transverse foramen (except C7) to supply spinal cord, medulla, and cerebellum. They join to form the basilar artery in the cranium

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12
Q

What is clinical significance of injury to the transverse foramen of a cervical vertebrae?

A

Injury to vertebral artery, potential for altered/impaired brain circulation

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13
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

conduits for spinal nerves

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14
Q

transverse foramne

A

conduits for vertebral arteries

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15
Q

Thoracic vertebrae characteristics

A

-thick body
-long spinous process (downward T1 to T10)
-costal facets for rib attachments
-superior and inferior articular facets oriented more vertically (more stable)
-T9 is same plane as xiphoid process

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16
Q

Lumbar vertebrae characteristics

A

Short, thickest body for weight bearing
Mamillary processes for multifidus muscles

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17
Q

Sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae, articulates with L5 superiorly, coccyx inf, iliacs lat
transmits body weight to lower limbs
Sacral canal - cont. of vert. cancal, containing cauda equina
sacral hiatus (missing 5th spinous process)

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18
Q

Coccyx

A

4 fused vertebrae functional for muscle attachemnts

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Zygapophysial joint

A

aka facet joint. Tiny synovial joints allowing for movement between articulating vertebrae. Made of joint capsule and ligaments

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21
Q

What is the clinical significance of an injury near/to the zygapophysial joint?

A

/the zygapophysial joint is near the intervertebral foramen, which houses the spinal nerves. Injury to this joint could damage impair spinal nerves and function

22
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

cartilaginous joints between vertebral bodies made up of outer annuli fibrosis and inner nucleus pulposus, starting at C2/C3

23
Q

Annuli fibrosis

A

rings of fibrocartilage, attach to epiphysial rim of adjacent vertebra

24
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

semifluid gel, withstands compressive forces. Remnant of notochord

25
Q

Herniation

A

loss of integrity of annuli fibrosis due to age or stress. Most often posterolateral (thinner annulus fibrosus and lack of coverage by posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments)

26
Q

What symptoms can be associated with herniated discs?

A

Pain radiating down leg and muscle weakness due to compromised mixed spinal nerves due to posteriolateral herniation

27
Q

Lumbar herniation

A

hernation at lumbar region can impact cauda equina. EX: protruded L5-S1 disk compresses S1 root

28
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Elastic cartilage ligament binding lamina of adj. vertebra and stabilizing joints of the arches

29
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

connects spinous process

30
Q

Supraspinous ligaments

A

connect spinous process

31
Q

Intertransversarii ligament

A

connects transverse process

32
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Runs anterior to body of vertebrae, limiting extension

33
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Runs Posterior to body , anterior to spinal cord, limits flexion

34
Q

Atlanto-occiptal joint

A

articulation with occiput, permits flexion/extension (rocking/nodding yes)

35
Q

Atlanto-Axial joint

A

3 articulations with C1, permiting rotation of the head

36
Q

Cruciform ligament components

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas, superior longitudinal band, inferior longitudinal band

37
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

cervical continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament

38
Q

anterior antlanto-occiptal membrane

A

cervical continuation of anterior longitudinal ligament

39
Q

anterior antlanto-axial ligament

A

cervical continuation of anterior longitudinal ligament

40
Q

Posterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial ligaments

A

cervical continuations of ligamentum flavum

41
Q

Arteries of the vertebrae

A

arise from branches of regional arteries that divide into anterior/posterior branches. It is the posterior branches that give off the spinal branches that vascularize the vertebrae

42
Q

Veins of the vertebrae

A

-Anterior/posterior internal vertebral plexus
-External vertebral plexus of veins
-Azygous and hemiazygous veins

43
Q

Clinical significance of vertebral veins

A

Vertebral veins are valve-less and are responsible for venous drainage and communication with other plexuses. They are an easy route for metastasizing cancer cells leading the vertebral column to be the most common site for bony mets

44
Q

List the meningeal coverings and ‘spaces’ from superficial to deep

A
  • epidural space
    -dura mater
    -subdural space (pathological)
    -arachnoid mater
    -subarachnoid space (CSF)
    -Pia mater
45
Q

epidural space

A

between the periosteum lining of bony wall of vertebral canal and spinal dura, filled with fat, intervertebral venous plexus

46
Q

subarachnoid space

A

naturally occurring space between arachnoid and pia mater, containing CSF

47
Q

blood supply of the spinal cord

A

posterior aspects of segmental vasculature give rise to spinal branches which give off radicular arteries

48
Q

Intrinsic back muscles

A

aka deep muscles; posture and spine movement. innervated by dorsal primary rami
blood supply posterior intercostal and segmental lumbar arteries
-erector spinae
-splenius
-transversospinalis

49
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

deep fascia of the back, invests intrinsic back muscles

50
Q

suboccipital muscles

A

rectus capitis posterior major and minor
obliquus capitis superior and inferior
all innervated by suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal primary rami)
extension and rotation of the head
Span from C1 or C2 to occiput (except obliquus cap inf)

51
Q

suboccipital triangle

A

Formed by superior and inferior obliquus capits and rectus capitis major

52
Q

Suboccipital vasculature

A

vertebral artery, branches of occipital artery

53
Q
A

Human Structure (10 decks)

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