Super Hard Stuff (Continued) Flashcards
A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement.
The environmental arrangements that determine conditions by which behaviors will be reinforced.
Continuous Reinforcement and Extinction are the bookends of all:
Schedules Of Reinforcement
This is between CRF and EXT
Some , but not all, occurrences of the behavior are reinforced.
Used for maintaining behaviors that have already been established.
Helps to fade from artificial to natural reinforcement.
Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (INT)
Provides reinforcement for every occurrence of the target behavior.
Utilized for strengthening novel behaviors when teaching is first initiated for a new skill that is being acquired.
Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)
One of the basic schedules of intermittent reinforcement.
Constant, set criteria (does not change at all); and a certain # of occurrences of the behavior have to occur before one response produces reinforcement.
The only graph with STEPS
Fixed Ratio Schedule
4 Basic Schedules of Intermittent (INT) Reinforcement:
Hint: FVFV
- ) Fixed Ratio
- ) Variable Ratio
- ) Fixed Interval
- ) Variable Interval
The strongest basic schedule of INT reinforcement.
Has changing, variable criteria; AVERAGE; mean of responses; and a # of occurrences of the target have to occur before one response produces reinforcement.
This graph has a super steep line
Variable Ratio Schedule
Pattern of Responding: The individual completes required responses with little hesitation. POST-REINFORCEMENT PAUSE follows reinforcement. Large ratios= long pauses; short ratios= short pauses.
Rate of Responding: Produces high rates of responses; the higher the ratio requirement, the higher the rate of response.
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Ratio means:
Amount
Interval means:
Time
Fixed means:
Consistent; constant
Variable means:
Variation; change
Pattern of responding: consistent, steady response. DO NOT produce post reinforcement pause because of variability.
Rate of responding: fast of responding; the larger the ratio requirement, the faster the rate of response
Variable Ratio (VR)
A car sales has to sell 6 cars to receive a bonus at work. Every time he sells 6 cars, he gets a bonus added to his check.
This is an example of:
Fixed Ratio
Slot machines, lottery are examples of:
Variable Ratio (VR)
One of the basic schedules of INT reinforcement where there is constant, set criteria (does not change at all); and specific amount of time elapses before a single correct response produces reinforcement.
The graph has an Scallop/ fish like scales
Fixed Interval (FI)
Pattern of Responding Produced:
Constant, stable rate of response.
Few hesitations between responses.
Rate of Response Produced:
Low-to-moderate rate of response.
The larger the average interval, the lower the overall rate of response.
Variable Interval (VI)
One of the basic schedules of INT reinforcement.
Has changing criteria and a specific amount of times elapses before a single response produces reinforcement.
Ex. Pop Quizzes
Variable Interval
Pattern of Responding:
Post-reinforcement pause, but only during the early part of the interval.
Rate of Responding:
Slow-to-moderate
The larger the fixed interval requirement, the longer the post-reinforcement pause.
Fixed Interval
A car salesman receives a pay check every two weeks as long as he sells one car.
Receiving his paycheck is on what type of schedule:
Fixed Interval (FI)
Gradually increasing the response ratio or the duration of the time interval.
AKA: Schedule Thinning
Ex. CRF to an FR 2 or VR 3
Thinning Intermittent Reinforcement
A result of abrupt increases in ratio requirement when moving from denser (i.e., lot of reinforcement available) to thinner (i.e., less reinforcement available) reinforcement schedules.
Common behavioral characteristics are avoidance, aggression, etc.
Ratio Strain
A variation on basic INT schedules of reinforcement.
Systematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the participant’s behavior.
Can be used as a procedure for identifying reinforcers that will maintain treatment effects across increasing schedule requirements.
Progressive Schedules Of Reinforcement
May be used to measure what is commonly referred to as the strength, potency, or effectiveness of scheduled reinforcers.
This schedule shows a direct relation between how hard an organism will work for access to an object, as indexed by the largest ratio (the breaking point) and the potency of the reinforcer.
Progressive Schedules Of Reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement only if the behavior occurs following a specific period of time during which it did not occur or since the last time it occurred.
Helps to decrease behavior that the individual displays too frequently, but NOT TO ELIMINATE IT ENTIRELY.
- Increasing the IRT, to lower the overall rate of responding.*
Differential Reinforcement Of Lower Rates Of Responding (DRL)
Identifies the duration of time that occurs between two responses.
Interresponse time (IRT)
Combination Of:
Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
Four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI)
Differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRD, DRL), and
Extinction (EXT)
Seven Compound Schedules of Reinforcement
Acronym: CMCMTAC
Seven Compound Schedules of Reinforcement
- Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement (conc)
- Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement (mult)
- Chained Schedules of Reinforcement (chain)
- Mixed Schedules of Reinforcement (mix)
- Tandem Schedules of Reinforcement (tand)
- Alternative Schedules of Reinforcement (alt)
- Conjunctive Schedules of Reinforcement (conj)
A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that to be eligible for reinforcement, the primed response (i.e., the first response following termination of the required interval) must occur within a specified span of time following that interval.
Can be imposed on any schedule and can be used to help speed up the response rate of your client.
Limited Hold (LH)
A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement when the number of responses in a specified time period is less than, or equal to, a prescribed limit (a certain number).
Helps to decrease behavior that the individual displays too infrequently, but NOT TO ELIMINATE IT ENTIRELY.
Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates of Responding (DRD)
Use when the challenging behavior has to do with rates of responding (i.e., not enough or too much).
3 Variations of INT Schedules of Reinforcement
Acronym: HDL
Three Variations:
DRH (High)
DRD (Diminishing)
DRL (Low)
A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for emitting behaviors that are at or above a pre-established rate.
Helps to increase behavior that the individual displays too infrequently.
Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Responding (DRH)
Occurs when two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors.
Choice-making
Matching law is part of this schedule.
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement
AKA: Matching Theory
A description of a phenomenon according to which organisms MATCH their responses according to the proportion of payoff during CHOICE situations.
Matching Law
Presents 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random, sequence for only 1 or more behaviors.
The basic schedules within this schedule occur successively and independently.
An SD is correlated with each basic schedule and is present as long as the schedule is in effect.
Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement
Created by Herrnstein in the 1960s.
States that given 2 concurrently available behaviors, we will choose to engage in the behavior that has the highest rate of reinforcement.
Formula: B1/B1+B2 = R1/R1+R2
Matching Law
Has 2 or more basic schedule requirements that occur successively and has an SD correlated with each independent schedule with 1 or more behaviors.
Three Important Elements:
- ) Occur in a specific order
- ) Behavior may be the same for all elements of the chain or different behaviors may be required for different elements in the chain.
- ) Conditioned reinforcement for the first behavior in the chain is the presentation of the second element and so on.
Chained Schedules of Reinforcement
Provides reinforcement when the requirement of EITHER a ratio OR interval schedule is met, regardless of which of the component schedule requirements is met first.
Either/Or schedule
Alternative Schedules of Reinforcement
Identical to multiple schedules, except this schedule has NO SD correlated with the independent schedules.
Mixed Schedules of Reinforcement
Similar to the chained schedule except this schedule does not use an SD.
An unsigned.
Tandem Schedules of Reinforcement
Provides reinforcement when the completion of the response requirements for BOTH a ratio and interval schedule have been met.
Both schedule.
Conjunctive Schedules of Reinforcement
Behaviors that are brought about by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered.
AKA: Schedule-Induced Behaviors
Time-filling or interim behaviors (e.g., doodling, smoking, drinking, etc.).
Adjunctive Behaviors
All the information provided on how to schedule reinforcement also relates to how to:
Schedule Punishment
