Foundational Knowledge Flashcards
FK-01 to FK-09; FK-13 to FK-16, FK-33, and B-01 to B-02 (77 cards)
1
Q
A scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence socially significant behavior and for developing a technology of behavior change that is practical and applicable.
A
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
2
Q
An evidenced based APPLIED science.
A
ABA
3
Q
A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world.
A
Science
4
Q
Based on Determinism
A
Science
5
Q
3 Levels of Scientific Understanding
Hint: DPC
A
- Description
- Prediction
- Control
6
Q
AKA: Correlation & Covariation
A
Prediction
7
Q
AKA: Causation
A
Control
8
Q
Systematic observations that can be quantified and classified.
Not causal explanations.
A
Description
9
Q
Functional relation. The highest level of scientific understanding.
A
Control
10
Q
Two events may regularly occur at the same time. This does not necessarily mean one causes the other.
A
Prediction
11
Q
Experimental demonstration that manipulating one event (the independent variable) results in another event (dependent variable).
A
Control
12
Q
6 Attitudes of Science/Philosophical Assumptions of Behavior
HINT: DEER PP
A
- Determinism
- Empiricism
- Experimentation
- Replication
- Parsimony
- Philosophical Doubt
13
Q
Facts
Requires objective quantification and detailed description of events.
A
Empiricism
14
Q
Cause and effect
Lawfulness: If/Then statements
The world is orderly and predictable
A
Determinism
15
Q
Experimental, data-based scientific approach, drawing upon observation and experience.
A
Empiricism
16
Q
AKA: Experimental Analysis
A
Experimentation
17
Q
Repeating experiments
A
Replication
18
Q
The basic strategy of most sciences.
Requires MANIPULATING variables so as to see the effects on the dependent variable (DV).
A
Experimentation
19
Q
The method that scientists use to determine the RELIABILITY and usefulness of their findings.
A
Replication
20
Q
An assessment to determine if one event caused another event.
Requires that all variables be controlled except the DV.
A
Experimentation
21
Q
Having healthy skepticism and a critical eye about the results of studies and your work with clients.
A
Philosophical Doubt
22
Q
The simplest theory.
Helps scientists fit findings within the field’s existing knowledge base.
A
Parsimony
23
Q
How scientists discover their mistakes, thus making science a self-correcting enterprise.
A
Replication
24
Q
All simple and logical explanations must be ruled out before considering more complex explanations.
A
Parsimony
25
These elements of ABA were outlined in the FIRST edition of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) in 1968.
7 Dimensions of ABA Published by Baer, Wolf and Risley
26
BATCAGE
Behavioral
Applied
Technological
Conceptually Systematic
Analytical
Generality
Effective
27
AKA: Behavior Modification (old school term)
7 Dimensions Of ABA
28
Observable events.
The behavior one chooses must be the behavior in need of improvement.
Behavioral
29
GET A CAB
1. Generality
2. Effective
3. Technological
4. Applied
5. Conceptually Systematic
6. Analytical
7. Behavioral
30
Defines procedures clearly and in detail so they are REPLICABLE (like a recipe).
Technological
31
All procedures used should be tied to the basic principles of behavior analysis from which they were derived.
Conceptually Systematic
32
ABA improves everyday life of clients.
Improves SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT BEHAVIORS.
Also helps significant others (parents, peers, employers, etc.) so that they behave more positively towards the client.
Applied
33
AKA: Functional Relation, Experimentation, Control, Causation)
Analytical
34
Describes when the experimenter has demonstrated a functional relation between the manipulated events and a reliable change in some measurable dimension of the targeted behavior.
Analytical
35
A FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP IS DEMONSTRATED.
Ultimate issue is BELIEVABILITY: Is the experimental control sufficient to prove a reliable functional relation?
Analytical
36
Improves behavior in a practical manner, not simply making a change that is statistically significant.
Effective
37
Extenteds behavior change across time, settings, or other behaviors.
AKA: Generalization
Generality
38
An approach to explaining behavior that assumes an inner dimension exists and causes behavior.
Mentalism
39
Presumed, but observed, entities.
AKA: Imaginary Constructs
Hypothetical Constructs
40
Traditional psychology has been and continues to be dominated by:
AKA: Spiritual; Psychic; Subjective; Feelings; Attitudes; Processing
Mentalism
41
The cause and effect are both inferred from the same information.
Circular Reasoning
42
Fictitious variables that are another name for the observed behavior.
Contributes nothing to an understanding of the variables responsible for maintaining behavior.
Words associated with this is are: knows, wants, figures out etc.
Explanatory Fictions
43
The philosophy of the science of behavior.
Environmental not mentalistic explanations of behavior.
Behaviorism
44
4 Branches of Behavior Analysis
HINT: CASE
Conceptual Analysis of Behavior (AKA: Behaviorism)
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Behavior Service Delivery
Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
45
It emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction to "mentalistic" psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using experimental methods.
Behaviorism
46
AKA: Behaviorism
Examines Philosophical, theoretical, historical, and methodological issues.
Conceptual Analysis of Behavior
47
Refers to the many people in various fields of work (not BCBAs/BCaBAs) implementing ABA within their professions.
Think of education, sports, psychology, job safety, health, business, animal training, commerce, etc.
Behavior Service Delivery
48
Research on basic processes and principles.
Conducted mainly in laboratories.
Experimental Analysis of Behavior
49
TECHNOLOGY for improving behavior.
Refers to behavior analysts that assess, monitor, analyze, revise (if needed) and communicate the effects of their work.
They create behavior-change tactics that can increase behavior, teach and MAINTAIN behavior, make behavior sensitive to environmental events, generalize behavior, reduce behavior, etc.
ABA
50
Classical Conditioning
Respondent conditioning with dogs.
Published first studies in 1906.
Popular during the 1850s-early 1900s
Ivan Pavlov
51
AKA: Stimulus-Response Behaviorism , S -R Psychology, Watsonian Behaviorism
Methodological Behaviorism
52
1st person to describe begaviorism as a formal system.
Little Albert Experiment with 9 month old baby and white rat. Demonstrated classical conditioning.
Popular from 1878 to 1958.
Said that we should study behavior by direct observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli (S) and the response (R) they bring about.
John Watson
53
Only looks at publicly observable events in their analysis of behavior.
Do not concern themselves with private events.
Methodological Behaviorism
54
Looks at both private and public events in their analysis of behavior.
Introduced by Skinner
Radical Behaviorism
55
How did Skinner Come Up With Radical Behaviorism?
He referenced these 2 main sources:
1. Darwinian Selectionism
2. Pragmatism
56
A probabilistic AB-because-of-C philosophy. At the level of behavior, the relation between the setting (A) and the behavior (B) is because of the consequence (C).
Pragmatism
57
Discusses a 3 term contingency with regard to SPECIES and survival.
A belief that all forms of life, from single cells to complex cultures, evolve as a result of selection with respect to FUNCTION.
Darwinism Selectionism (AKA: Selection By Consequences)
58
The lifetime of an individual.
Learning that results from an organism's interaction with his/her environment.
Operant behavior is due to its history.
Ontogeny/Ontogenic history
59
The evolutionary history of a species.
Behavior is inherited genetically.
Respondent behavior is due to this:
Phylogeny/Phylogenic history
60
Operant selection by consequences requires:
Variation in behavior
61
Originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James, the doctrine stresses that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences, rather than in theory or dogma.
Focuses on answering the questions:
1. How do things come to be as they are?
2. How can things be changed?
Pragmatism
62
2 Primary Types of Behavior
1. Respondent Behavior
| 2. Operant Behavior
63
AKA: reflexive, reflex, relations, unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response. (US-UR)
ELICTED, or brought out by stimuli that immediately precede them (antecedent stimuli)
Respondent Behavior
64
The eliciting stimulus (unconditioned stimulus or US) and the behavior it produces (unconditioned response) that is part of an organism's genetic endowment.
Reflex
65
Involuntary
Behavior someone does not have to learn.
Respondent behavior
66
When the eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly over a short time, the strength of the respondent behavior diminishes.
Habituation
67
AKA: Classical conditioning, Pavlovian Conditioning, S-S (Stimulus-Stimulus) Pairing, Conditioned Stimulus-Conditioned Response (CS-CR)
Ivan Pavlov
When new stimuli acquire the ABILITY to elicit respondents.
Respondent conditioning
68
EMIT/EVOKE
Any behavior whose probability of occurrence is determined by its history of consequences.
Voluntary Action
AKA: 3 term contingency, ABC, Stimulus-Response-Stimulus (S-R-S)
Operant behavior
69
What is the primary unit of analysis in ABA?
Three (3)- Term Contingency (A-B-C)
70
Reductions in responding evoked by an antecedent stimulus over repeated or prolonged presentations.
Adaptation
71
The occassion for a response (SD), the response, and the outcome of the response.
The dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of the behavior.
Operant Contingency
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AKA: Behavioral Contingency, Contingency, 3 term Contingency, ABC
When a reinforcer or punisher is said to be "contingent" on a behavior, the behavior must be emitted for the consequence to occur.
Operant Contingency
73
When two stimuli occur close together IN TIME, resulting in an association of those two stimuli.
AKA:Temporal Continguity
Contiguity
74
If a dead man can do it, it ain't behavior. And if a dead man can't do it, then it is behavior.
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Being hungry
Being anxious
Getting wet
Recieving money
Being blown over by a strong wind of gust
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The Dead Man Test/ What is NOT behavior
75
Temporal contiguity (how close in time) affects the pairing of the CS and US.
How contiguity applies to respondent conditioning
76
Temporal contiguity (how close together in time) affects the pairing of the behavior and consequence.
This is how SUPERSTITIOUS BEHAVIOR can be developed because of the temporal contiguity between a specific response and reinforcer or punisher
How Contiguity applies to operant conditioning
77
Scientifically derived rules of nature that describe the predictable relation between a biological organism's responses and objects and events that can influence behavior.
All strategies are derived from these 3:
1. Punishment
2. Extinction
3. Reinforcement
3 Principles of Behavior
