Foundational Knowledge Part 2 (The Hard Stuff) Flashcards
A single instance of behavior.
Measurable unit of analysis in the science of behavior.
Response
Larger set/class of responses that share physical dimensions or functions.
Behavior
A group of behaviors that comprise an operant (have the same function).
Response Class
Response-consequence relationship. Similar behaviors that are strengthened or weakened collectively as a result of operant conditioning.
Operant
All the behaviors that an individual can do.
Repertoire
A complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance.
All behavior occurs within this context.
Environment/environmental
A collection of knowledge and skills an individual has learned that are relevant to a particular task.
Repertoire
Physical events that affect the behavior of an individual.
May be internal or external to the individual.
Is an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.
Stimuli
A stimulus event may occur prior to, during, or after a behavior
Temporal locus of stimuli
Proprioceptive
Interoceptive
Exteroceptive
3 Types od Nervous Systems (that are affected by STIMULI)
5 Senses: Hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting.
Exteroceptive
A group of antecedent stimuli that has a common effect on an operant class.
Group members of a this class tend to evoke or abate the same behavior or response class, yet may vary across physical dimensions.
Stimulus Class
Stimulation from ORGANS; related to INTERNAL EVENTS
Example: headache, hunger pains
Interoceptive
Stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles, etc., necessary for posture, balance, and movement (related to internal events).
Example: After getting off a rollercoaster, you feel dizzy
Proprioceptive
3 types of stimulus classes
Hint: four times fun (FTF)
Formal
Temporal
Functional
Physical features of stimuli (topography).
Example: Size, color, intensity, weight, and spatial positions relative to other objects (PREPOSITIONS, such as, on top of the table, or to the left of the table).
Formal
Stimulus changes are understood best through a functional analysis of their effects on behavior.
The effect of a stimulus on the behavior.
There can be multiple functions of a single stimulus.
Functional
Refers to time.
Stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to (antecedents) the behavior of interest and stimulus changes that follow a behavior of interest ( consequences).
Temporal
Stimuli compromising this class evoke the same response, but they do NOT share a common stimulus feature. They do not physically look alike or share a relative relationship.
LIMITED number of stimuli.
Developed through stimulus equivalence.
Ex: 50%, half, .5. Or Apple, banana, orange
Arbitrary Stimulus Class
Stimuli in this class can share: common topographies, common relative relations (spatial arrangements), INFINITE number of stimuli.
Developed through stimulus generalization.
Ex. Concept of dog, house, tree, onion, bigger than, smaller than, on top of, etc.
Feature Stimulus Class
Only affect FUTURE behavior.
Select response classes, NOT individual responses.
Immediate ___________ have the greatest effect.
Select any behavior ( the timing of the reinforcement or punishment matters and can hit any behavior, having its effects).
Consequences
A person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work.
Operant conditioning occurs automatically.
AUTOMATICITY (Of Punishment and Reinforcement)
Reinforcement that occurs independent of social mediation of others. Other people do NOT deliver the consequence.
AKA: Sensory, self stimulatory behaviors, stereotypy.
Naturally produced sensory consequences: (sounds good, looks good, tastes good, smells good, feels good to touch, or movement feels good).
Automatic Reinforcement
Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Other people did not deliver the consequence.
Automatic Punishment
Sam has an itch. He puts on anti-itch cream to help relieve the itching. The itching stopped. Now whenever he has an itch. He puts on anti-itch cream.
Example of:
Negative Automatic Reinforcement
You want to stop cursing, so you wear a rubber band and pop yourself on the wrist each time you curse.
Example of:
Positive Automatic Punishment
You taste some keto coconut cookies for the first time and they are Delicious. Now you bake them all the time at home.
Example of:
Positive Automatic Reinforcement
You want to stop cursing so much, so every time you curse, you have to put some money in a jar. In the future, you are less likely to curse because you don’t want to lose any money.
Example of:
Negative Automatic Punishment
Does not only strengthen rate. It strengthens duration, latency, magnitude, and topography.
A response becomes more frequent in the future if a reinforcer or an increase in a reinforcer has followed it within 0-60 seconds in the past.
The IMMEDIACY of the reinforcer is CRITICAL (Temporal Relation): A response-to-reinforcement delay of 1-second will be less effective than 0-second delay.
What happens right before reinforcement will be what is reinforced.
Delayed consequences are not technically reinforcement, but they can influence behavior.
Important information About Reinforcement
Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant.
Changes what comes after behavior (consequences) and what comes before (antecedents).
Creates stimulus control, making responding in the presence of the Sd more likely (and in the presence of the S🔺️)
When the Sd is added, the 2 term Contingency becomes the 3 term Contingency of the DISCRIMINATED OPERANT.
What reinforcement does
When the rate of responding to a stimulus in one setting changed when the condition of reinforcement in other setting gets modified.
Behavior Contrast
Type 1 Reinforcement
Sr+
Positive Reinforcement
A phenomenon in which a behavior INCREASES for a potentially MORE FAVORABLE reinforcer AFTER being exposed to a reinforcer that has become LESS FAVORABLE.
Positive Behavior Contrast
The most important and widely used concept in ABA.
Positive Reinforcement
A phenomenon in which a behavior DECREASES for a LESS FAVORABLE reinforcer AFTER being exposed to a reinforcer that is clearly MORE FAVORABLE.
Negative Behavior Contrast
A process that occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.
Positive Reinforcement
5 Types of Postive Reinforcers (EATSS)
- E-Edible
- A-Activity
- T-Tangible
- S-Social
- S-Sensory
A process that occurs when a behavior us followed immediately by the REDUCTION or REMOVAL of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.
Negative Reinforcement
A response that stops an ongoing aversive stimulus. A person is escaping the unpleasant situation.
Escape
Type 2 Reinforcement
Sr-
Negative Reinforcement
A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.
Avoidance
A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
Think Sd, warning or signal that a specific reinforcement is available.
Discriminated Avoidance
____________ is more common than escape.
Avoidance
Escape and Avoidance are two types of:
Negative Reinforcement
Two types of avoidance are:
Discriminated Avoidance & Free-Operant Avoidance
NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus.
The avoidance behavior is FREE to occur at any time.
Free-Operant Avoidance
