Behavior Change Procedures Flashcards
Created by David Premack, 1959
- A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in High-probability behavior (something you are more likely to do) contingent upon the occurrence of Low-probability behavior (something you are less likely to do) will function as a reinforcer for the low-probability behavior.
AKA: Grandma’s Law; Relativity Theory of Reinforcement
-Usually stated as, “first_____, then_____.”
Premack Principle
Created by Timberlake and Allison, 1974
-Built on the Premack Principle
-A model for predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to baseline.
Restricting access to the behavior creates deprivation that serves as an EO, which makes the restricted behavior a very strong form of reinforcement.
Response Deprivation Hypothesis (RDH)
- Formal Similarity
- Model
- Immediacy
- Controlled Relation
Four Behavior-Environment Relations that Functionally Define: _____________
Imitation
The stimulus that is presented in an effort to evoke the imitative behavior. Any physical movement may function as a _________ for imitation.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Stimulus Imitation = Behavior ( of imitating the \_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulus)
Model
The model and the behavior must physically look alike and be in the same sense mode.
Formal Similarity
An imitative behavior must immediately follow the model within a few seconds.
- __________ IS CRITICAL, or it not considered to be imitation.
Immediacy
The model must be the controlling variable for the imitative behavior. The model must serve as the Sd for the imitative behavior.
- Best evidenced when the model is novel and still evokes an imitation. Sometimes called, Generalized Imitation.
Controlled Relation
Pre-arranged antecedent stimuli that help learners acquire new skills.
Ex. Video modeling
Planned Models
Unplanned models
Occur in everyday social interactions.
Ex. Watching people out in public and copying the behavior; copying a behavior from a movie
2 Types of Models:
- Planned Model
2. Unplanned Model
The goal is to teach individuals to “ do what the model does”.
Imitation Training
A behavior change produced by differential reinforcement.
- Reinforced members of the current response class occur with greater frequency and unreinforced members occur less frequently (because they are on extinction)
Overall result = A new response class.
Response Differentiation
Five (5) Steps of Imitation Training (Developed by Striefel):
- Assess and teach prerequisite skills for imitation training
- Select models for training
- Pretest
- Sequence models for training
- Implement imitation training
- Attending skills (e.g., staying seated, keeping hands in lap, etc.)
- Gross and fine motor skills required for tasks.
- If challenging behaviors interfere with teaching, they may need to be reduced or eliminated first.
Assess and teach any prerequisite skills for imitation training
Choose about 25 behaviors as models (including gross and fine motor, movement of body parts, and manipulation of objects).
Present 1 model at a time; present complex sequences later.
Selects models for training
Pretest
Assesses the individual’s ability to imitate any models already.
Sequence models for training
Using the pretest results, models are arranged from easiest to most difficult.
Pre-Assessment:
-Assesses the individual’s current performance level and determines progress in learning to respond to a model.
Training:
-The teacher repeatedly presents the models used in pre-assessment.
Post-Assessment:
-Assesses how well the individual performs previously and recently learned behaviors.
Probes for Imitative Behavior:
-Assess if the individual is developing an imitative repertoire.
Implement Imitation Training
- Keep training sessions active, short (10-15 minutes, a couple times a day).
- Reinforce both prompted and imitative responses.
- Pair verbal praise and attention with tangible reinforcers.
- If progress breaks down, back up and move ahead slowly.
- Fade out prompts.
Guidelines for Imitation Training
Teaches novel behavior.
Clicker training is an application of: ___________.
Shaping
A process involving systematically and differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior.
Shaping
The sequence of new response classes that emerge during the shaping process as a result of differential reinforcement. Each successive approximation is closer in form to the terminal behavior than the response class it replaces.
Successive Approximations
Reinforcing those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension (e.g., frequency, magnitude, etc.) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction.
Differential Reinforcement
Two (2) types of Shaping: AW
- Shaping ACROSS Response Topographies
2. Shaping WITHIN Response Topographies