More HARD Stuff (Continued) Flashcards
Looking at the instructor, looking at materials, listening to directions, and sitting quietly for short periods of time.
Must be taught BEFORE stimulus control
Pre-attending Skills
Stimulus Salience is affected by two elements:
Masking & Overshadowing
Prominence of the stimulus in a person’s environment.
Increased _____________ makes things easier to learn.
Stimulus Salience
Salience
The presence of one stimulus condition interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by another stimulus.
The individual cannot learn the behavior because the learning is ___________ by another element.
Overshadowing/overshadowed
Sds and MOs in combo are called:
Repertoire-Altering Effect
Even though a stimulus has acquired stimulus control over a behavior, a competing stimulus can block the evocative function of that stimulus
The behavior is already in the individual’s repertoire, but is __________ by other elements.
Masking/masked
AKA: Sd
A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced in the past.
Discriminative Stimulus
AKA: S🔺️
A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has NOT produced reinforcement in the past.
Is not always zero reinforcement. It can be lesser quality of amount of reinforcement than the Sd.
Stimulus Delta
Let’s you know when reinforcement is available.
Any form of physical energy capable of detection by the organism can function as an ________. The physical energy must relate to the sensory capabilities of the organism.
Sd
Both occur before the before (antecedents)
Both have evocative functions (bring about behavior)
MO is something that changes the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer. Related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of an environmental event.
A response in the presence of an Sd must produce more reinforcement than it does in its absence. The Sd has to have the promise of the reinforcer based on the reinforcing history but an MO is going to produce the response regardless of reinforcement history.
MO vs Sd
Loose stimulus control
WITHIN
Example: All shades of green
Calling all women “mommy”
Stimulus Generalization
Tight stimulus control
BETWEEN/ACROSS
Example: Green vs. Other colors
Stimulus Discrimination
AKA: Stimulus Generalization Gradient
A graph of the extent to which behavior that has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli.
Shows the relative degree of stimulus generalization and stimulus control (or discrimination).
Flat Slope = Little Stimulus Control
Increasing Slope = More Stimulus Control
Generalization Gradient
A procedure in which responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition (the Sd), but not in the presence of the other (S 🔺️).
AKA: Discrimination Training
Stimulus Discrimination Training
Occurs when new stimuli (similar or not similar to the controlling stimulus) do NOT evoke the same response as the controlling stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination
When an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinforced in its presence, the same type of behavior tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization
AKA: Concept Formation, Concept Acquisition
A _____ is not Mentalism.
It is a product of both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.
Stimulus discrimination between stimulus classes and stimulus generalization within a stimulus class is needed to form a _________.
A ___________ requires an individual being able to discriminate between what is included in a stimulus class and what is excluded from that same stimulus class.
Concept
Stimuli that are similar to the original Sd evoke the same responses as the original Sd.
The evocative function of stimuli that share physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus.
The extent to which the learner improves his/her performance under conditions different from those in which the original training occurred.
The behavior is the same, but in different conditions.
Stimulus Generalization
An antecedent evokes or abates the behavior.
A 3 term contingency is involved:
A discriminative stimulus ➡️ response ➡️ consequence
Simple Discrimination
A four term contingency:
Conditional stimuli➡️ antecedent stimuli➡️ response➡️ consequence
A form of complex stimulus control in which the role of one discriminative stimulus is CONDITIONAL on the presence of other discriminative stimuli (or sometimes an MO).
Conditional Discrimination
Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus.
Matching-to-sample
The FINAL and CRITICAL TEST of stimulus equivalence.
Requires demonstration of 3 untrained stimulus-stimulus sequences:
A=B relation
B=C relation
A=C (EVEN THOUGH WE NEVER TAUGHT RHIS TO THE PERSON DIRECTLY, THE PERSOM MAKES AN AMAZING JUMP IN THEIR LEARNING TO A=C. A transitive RELATION OCCURRED BETWEEN A and C. SAVES US ALOT OF TIME IN TEACHING.)
Transitivity
Occurs with reversibility of the sample stimulus and the comparison stimulus.
The stimulus control of stimuli A and B are said to be symmetrical.
If A = B, then B = A
Symmetry
When the sample and the comparison stimulu are physically identical.
Identity Matching-To-Sample
What are the 2 types of matching to sample procedures:
- Identity Matching-To-Sample
2. Symbolic Matching-to-sample
Matching-to-sample in which the relation between the sample and comparison stimuli is arbitrary ( symbolic)
Symbolic Matching-to-sample
Simple non-symbolic Matching-to-sample (picture of baby with picture of baby)
The behavior of matching the 2 identical stimuli are under reflexive stimulus control.
A=A
Reflexivity (Generalized Identity Matching)
The emergence of accurate responding to un-trained and non-reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations.
Matching-to-sample tasks are part of this.
Useful for teaching complex verbal relations (e.g., math, reading, etc.).
Must have a positive demonstration of threebdoffernt behavioral tests that represent the following mathematical statement:
If A=B, and B=C, then A=C.
Stimulus Equivalence
3 Parts of Stimulus Equivalence
Hint: RST
- Reflexivity
- Symmetry
- Transitivity
Results from stimulus equivalence training, the symbolic Matching-to-sample procedures.
A set of arbitrary stimuli that do not need to have common physical properties.
Is formed if all stimuli in that set are reflective, symmetrical, and transitive with each other.
Equivalence Class
AKA: Contingency Control
When a behavior is directly controlled by a contingency, NOT rules.
A behavior contingency is:
the occasion for a response (Sd) ➡️ the response ➡️ the outcome of the response
A consequence must occur WITHIN 0-60 secs following the response.
Contingency-Shaped Behavior
AKA: Rule Governance; Rule Control, Rules
A verbal description of a behavioral contingency.
Behavior under the control of a rule, NOT a contingency or reinforcement.
Reinforcers are often DELAYED.
Rule-Governed Behavior
Describes an environmental variable that:
Alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus and
Alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus.
Should evoke the behavior even if it is not at first successful.
Example: Food, deprivation and satiation
Motivating Operation (MO)
A type of MO that INCREASES the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer.
Makes a stimulus MORE desirable
Establishing Operation (EO)
2 Types of MOs:
Establishing Operation
Abolishing Operation
An increase in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus.
Makes that thing you want super VALUABLE in the moment.
Value-Altering Effect (EO)
An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same MO.
Makes you ALTER your BEHAVIORNto get that thing you want in the moment.
AKA: Evocative Effect
Behavior-Altering Effect ( EO)
Refers to how the future behavior of a person changes because of the MO they are experiencing in the moment.
Consequent variables (reinforcement, punishment, extinction) that alter the future frequency of whatever behavior immediately preceded those consequences.
Function-Altering Effects
A decrease in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus.
Makes the thing you want LESS valuable in the moment.
Value Altering Effect (AO)
A type of MO that DECREASES the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer.
Makes something LESS desirable.
Abolishing Operation (AO)
A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus (that is altered in effectiveness by the same MO).
Makes your BEHAVIOR ALTER in that you do not try to go get that thing you want in the moment.
AKA: Abative Effect
Behavior Altering Effect (AO)
For all organisms, there are events, operations, and stimulus conditions with value altering motivating effects that are UNLEARNED.
Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)
A LEARNED relation between the nature and value of an antecedent stimulus and the nature of a response.
Conditioned Motivating Operations ( CMOs)
9 MAIN UMOs FOR HUMANS
- Food Deprivation
- Water Deprivation
- Sleep Deprivation
- Activity Deprivation
- Oxygen Deprivation
- Sex Deprivation
- Becoming too warm
- Becoming too cold
- Increase in pain
Contingencies that produce an evocative relation similar to that of an MO: When a response becomes important, but the response cannot occur UNLESS some stimulus change enables it.
Is a stimulus that must be present to allow the person to engage in the behavior that is primed for reinforcement. Its absence evokes seeking out that stimulus.
AKA: Sm
Motivating Stimuli
A stimulus that has acquired its effectiveness by accompanying some other MO and has come to have the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO that it has accompanied.
A PAIRING PROCESS NEEDS TO TAKE PLACE HERE WITH ANOTHER MO!
Surrogate MO
An environmental variable that establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and thereby evokes (or abates) the behavior that has been reinforced by that other stimulus.
YOU CANNOT HAVE ACCESS TO THE STIMULUS YOU WANT UNTIL YOU SOLVE THE PROBLEM (access to reinforcer/stimuli is blocked)
Transitive MO
Alters the value of consequences that are under the control of an MO with which it has been paired.
Think about advertising and how when you see a product on TV, you start to cue and desire that product.
Surrogate MO
A condition or object that acquires its effectiveness as an MO by PRECEDING a situation that either is worsening or is improving.
AVERSIVE EVENT IS COMING UP SOON.
Escape or avoidance is highly reinforcing to the person since the condition or object comes before the aversive event.
Reflexive MO
Signal to us that aversive events may be coming soon! LOOK OUT!
Reflexive MO
3 Sub-types of CMOs
- Transitive MO
- Reflexive MO
- Surrogate MO
