summer #3

Question 1

the great schism

Answer 1

Gregory XI and needed new pope, people wanted roman or Italian pope, chose Urban VI, french cardinals said mob forced them to chose him so they chose Clement VII, Europe’s loyalties became divided

Question 2

effect of great schism

Answer 2

aggravated financial abuses that had developed within church during Avignon papacy, damaged the faith of believers

Question 3

Gregory XI

Answer 3

returned to Rome, died in 1318

Question 4

urban VI

Answer 4

wanted to reform the papal curia and even to swap college of cardinals with enough new Italian cardinals to eliminate the French majority

Question 5

marsigilo of padua

Answer 5

denied temporal authority was subject to spiritual authority, said church should confine itself solely to spiritual functions

Question 6

conciliarism

Answer 6

belief that only a general council of church could end the schism, but who was to call the council, so council in Pisa made Alexander V pope

Question 7

end of schism

Answer 7

leadership in making new pope went to holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, at council of Constance they elected Colonna pope, became Martin V

Question 8

effect of schism

Answer 8

tendency to stress performance of good works (purgatory became more important), new emphasis on mechanical path to salvation

Question 9

myticism

Answer 9

immediate experience of oneness with God, meister Eckharst

Question 10

Modern Devotion

Answer 10

founded by Gerad Groote, message = to achieve the spiritual communion with God, you must imitate Jesus and lead lives dedicated in serving the needs of their fellow human beings

Question 11

Catherine of Sienna

Answer 11

by eating only the Eucharist was the primary instrument in audience a mystical union with God

Question 12

Williams occam

Answer 12

thought that all universals or general concepts were simply names and that only individual objects perceived by senses were real, reasons can not be used to substantiate spiritual truths

Question 13

vernacular literature

Answer 13

14th century was the rapid growth of vernacular literature, dante, petrach, boccaccio

Question 14

dante

Answer 14

divine comedy (story of soul’s profession to salvation, three sections), banished from Florence

Question 15

petrach

Answer 15

Sonnets, inspired by married woman Laura, less concerned to sing lady’s praise than to immortalizes his own thoughts, Florentine

Question 16

boccaccio

Answer 16

DeCameron (during plague, 10 people flee from villa to escape plague, tell stories to pass time, present society from secular point of view), fell in love with Fiametta (began to prose romances)

Question 17

chaucer

Answer 17

Canterbury tales (collection of stories by group of pilgrims going to tomb of Saint Thomas), criticize corruptions of church,

Question 18

christine de Pizan

Answer 18

husband died, left with little money, started writing, In the Book of the City of the ladies (said women aren’t evil, encourage women to defend themselves

Question 19

giotto

Answer 19

transcended it with a new king of realism, a desire to imitate nature

Question 20

effect of black death on art

Answer 20

survivors no longer optimistic, focused on death and pain, ars moriendi (art of dying)

Question 21

changes in urban lfie in 14th century

Answer 21

greater regulation of urban activities by town government (cleaning), prostitution

Question 22

prostitution

Answer 22

men married early, need them, recession of 14th century increased supply,

Question 23

supervising prostituion

Answer 23

city authorities tax prostitutes, expected to wear specific clothes, allowed to set up brothels in certain places

Question 24

family life and sex roles in late medieval cities

Answer 24

1. marriage (married late) 2. sex roles 3. new opportunities for women (death of works, open new jobs)

Question 25

sex rles

Answer 25

ideas about different natures of men and women became widely accepted, women accepted to remain at home, and seen as incapable of undertaking men’s activities

Question 26

medieval children

Answer 26

since there was an increase in specialized roles, they were educated in marketable skills

Question 27

after plague children

Answer 27

communities became concerned about health

Question 28

medicine during medival age

Answer 28

physicians (highly trained in theory but little or no clinical practice),

Question 29

after plague medicaine

Answer 29

four humors, surgeons (knowledge based on experience), mid wives (deliver babies ), barber surgeons (performed menial tasks)

Question 30

four humours

Answer 30

correspond in turn to four elemental qualities of universe, making a human being a microcosm of the cosmos, health = humors in balance, sick = not in balance

Question 31

rise of the surgeons

Answer 31

reason : practical knowledge, equal level with physicians, introduced new emphasis on practical

Question 32

increased intention to public health

Answer 32

public health laws, protecting plague by controlling every aspect of health and sanitation

Question 33

the clock

Answer 33

13th century, perfected in 14th
by product of larger astronomical clock, installing in church or municipal buildings, made it possible to plan one’s day and organized one’s activities

Question 34

eye glases

Answer 34

13th century, perfected in 14th century

expensive, because paper was expensive, needed to write smaller, then eye glasses made it more readable

Question 35

paper

Answer 35

14th century, cheaper paper made from cotton rags

Question 36

gunpowder

Answer 36

appeared in west in 14th century

brought changes to European warfare, primary used in cannons

Question 37

cannon

Answer 37

early ones would blow up (making them dangerous), important = made extremely valuable in reducing both castles and city halls