summer #2

Question 1

scutage

Answer 1

money payments that substituted military services

Question 2

lord vassal (political instability)

Answer 2

replaced by contract based on money, scutage, hire professional soldiers

Question 3

new relationships based on political advantage (political instability)

Answer 3

nobles (who suffered from declining rents and social uncertainties) looked for opportunities to advance power and wealth at expense of other noble fractions and of their monarchs and went to royal courts

Question 4

kings problems (political instability)

Answer 4

monarchs not direct descendants of rulers of 1300, struggled with nobles who vied to gain material advantages for themselves

Question 5

14th century monarchs of old dynasty

Answer 5

losing revenue (shift to using mercenary soldiers, and traditional revenues (rent from population), new revenue causes there to be taxes, then asking for parliament, then Parliament gaining more power

Question 6

political instability

Answer 6

lord vassal, new relationships based on political advantage, kings problems, and 14th century monarchs of old dynasty

Question 7

Parliament increase prominence and developed its basic structure and functions during Edward’s reign

Answer 7

king relied on Parliament to obey new taxes, king made several concessions, then at then end of the king’s Edward III’s reign, Parliament became an important part of English government system

Question 8

Parliament begin to assure organized structure it retained to this day

Answer 8

great council or the house of lords, house of commons, parliament

Question 9

great council

Answer 9

body composed of chief bishops and obbots

Question 10

house of commons

Answer 10

representatives of shires and boroughs, begin practice of drawing up petitions

Question 11

parliament

Answer 11

house of lords and commons

Question 12

England’s instability

Answer 12

Richard II (Edward’s grandson) reign did not successfully being with peasant revolt, then Richard II was troubled by competing groups, pursuing their own interests, Henry of Lancaster (and group led by him) defeated Richard II and became king Henry IV, also civil wars called War of Roses

Question 13

France’s diffictulies

Answer 13

french monarchical state had underlying permanent weaknesses, taxes and estates general, Charles VI

Question 14

french monarchical state had underlying permanent weaknesses

Answer 14

Capetian monarchs expand territory, but those territories still had its own laws and stuff

Question 15

taxes and estates general

Answer 15

Philip VI needed money for 100 years war, taxed on gabelle and taille, weighed heavily on peasant and middle class, when need money for king Johnson’s ransom, middle class use estates general to reform French government and tax structure, third state granted taxes in exchange for Charles dauphin to not tax without estates general permission and to allow estates general t meet on regular basis and participate in political decisions, moment got crushed

Question 16

Charles VI

Answer 16

duke burgenly and Orleans competed for power of Charles and French monarchy, people supported Burgundian and some Oreleanist causing civil war

Question 17

estates general

Answer 17

french parliament, representatives of clergy, nobility, and third estate

Question 18

holy roman empire and Germany falling

Answer 18

northern Italy freed from any imperial control, Germany’s failure of Hohenstaufen ended chance of centralized monarchic authority, Germany then became independent states

Question 19

golden bull

Answer 19

elective rather than hereditary, standardized in 1356 by Gold Bull, issued by Emperor Charles IV, states four lay princes and three ecclesiastical rulers would serve as electors with legal power to elect the king, GERMANY, chose German King

Question 20

problems with golden bull

Answer 20

14th century, this ensured kings were generally weak because their ability to exercise effective power depended on extent of their family possessions, then in 15th century, three emperors claimed the throne

Question 21

Italy and centralized monarchical state

Answer 21

replacement of republican government by tyrants, development of larger states as larger states expanded at cost of smaller ones (had to rely on condottieri)

Question 22

replacement of republican government by tyrantts

Answer 22

because during the 14th century there was intense internal strife, city states had to resort to dictatorship, but those dictators used this force to maintain power

Question 23

condottieri

Answer 23

leaders sold services of their bands to highest bidder, Italian mercenaries

Question 24

milan

Answer 24

richest city state, Viscotti family established themselves as hereditary despots of Milan, giangaleazzo transformed hereditary deposit into duchy, purchased title of duke from emperor, milan duchy extend power to all of Lombardy

Question 25

florence

Answer 25

originally controlled y Ordinances of justice, but then popolo minuto and ciompi won their share in government, but then popolo grasso got power back

Question 26

popolo grassso

Answer 26

dominant role in creation of new constitution called ordinances of justice, merchant industrialist class

Question 27

ordinacne of justce

Answer 27

provided for republican government controlled by 7 major guilds, the executive power was a council of elected priors and standard bearer of justice, assisted by a number of councils with advisory and overlapping powers

Question 28

venice

Answer 28

rich merchant families, great council, and Senate hold actual power, doge is a figure head, council of ten became real executive power of state, expanded by establishing colonies and trading posts,

Question 29

doge

Answer 29

executive head of republic (Venice), figure head VENICE, originally executive head of republic

Question 30

pope Boniface VIII and king Philip IV of France

Answer 30

1. need new revenue, Philip claimed right to tax french clergy 2. Boniface said clergy could not pay taxes without pope’s consent 3. pope asserted position in letters 4. Philip IV wanted to capture pope and bring to trial 5. after Italian nobles saved pope, he died. as result, no other pope dared to renew extra-sent claims of Boniface VII

Question 31

clement V

Answer 31

because Philip IV put pressure for the new pope to be a french man, clement V became pope, took residence in Avignon in the Holy Roman Empire

Question 32

decline in papal prestige

Answer 32

pope stayed in Avignon, people believed the popes were captivates of french monarchy

Question 33

affect of pope staying at Avignon

Answer 33

popes, trying to find new source of revenue to compensate for their loss of income from papal states started to tax clergy, because pope lived in splendor in Avignon, people started to criticize them

Question 34

Catherine of Siena

Answer 34

led city of Florence to send her on a mission to pope Gregory XI in Avignon

Question 35

gabelle

Answer 35

tax on salt

Question 36

taillle

Answer 36

hearth tax