summer #2 Flashcards
scutage
money payments that substituted military services
lord vassal (political instability)
replaced by contract based on money, scutage, hire professional soldiers
new relationships based on political advantage (political instability)
nobles (who suffered from declining rents and social uncertainties) looked for opportunities to advance power and wealth at expense of other noble fractions and of their monarchs and went to royal courts
kings problems (political instability)
monarchs not direct descendants of rulers of 1300, struggled with nobles who vied to gain material advantages for themselves
14th century monarchs of old dynasty
losing revenue (shift to using mercenary soldiers, and traditional revenues (rent from population), new revenue causes there to be taxes, then asking for parliament, then Parliament gaining more power
political instability
lord vassal, new relationships based on political advantage, kings problems, and 14th century monarchs of old dynasty
Parliament increase prominence and developed its basic structure and functions during Edward’s reign
king relied on Parliament to obey new taxes, king made several concessions, then at then end of the king’s Edward III’s reign, Parliament became an important part of English government system
Parliament begin to assure organized structure it retained to this day
great council or the house of lords, house of commons, parliament
great council
body composed of chief bishops and obbots
house of commons
representatives of shires and boroughs, begin practice of drawing up petitions
parliament
house of lords and commons
England’s instability
Richard II (Edward’s grandson) reign did not successfully being with peasant revolt, then Richard II was troubled by competing groups, pursuing their own interests, Henry of Lancaster (and group led by him) defeated Richard II and became king Henry IV, also civil wars called War of Roses
France’s diffictulies
french monarchical state had underlying permanent weaknesses, taxes and estates general, Charles VI
french monarchical state had underlying permanent weaknesses
Capetian monarchs expand territory, but those territories still had its own laws and stuff
taxes and estates general
Philip VI needed money for 100 years war, taxed on gabelle and taille, weighed heavily on peasant and middle class, when need money for king Johnson’s ransom, middle class use estates general to reform French government and tax structure, third state granted taxes in exchange for Charles dauphin to not tax without estates general permission and to allow estates general t meet on regular basis and participate in political decisions, moment got crushed
Charles VI
duke burgenly and Orleans competed for power of Charles and French monarchy, people supported Burgundian and some Oreleanist causing civil war
estates general
french parliament, representatives of clergy, nobility, and third estate
holy roman empire and Germany falling
northern Italy freed from any imperial control, Germany’s failure of Hohenstaufen ended chance of centralized monarchic authority, Germany then became independent states
golden bull
elective rather than hereditary, standardized in 1356 by Gold Bull, issued by Emperor Charles IV, states four lay princes and three ecclesiastical rulers would serve as electors with legal power to elect the king, GERMANY, chose German King
problems with golden bull
14th century, this ensured kings were generally weak because their ability to exercise effective power depended on extent of their family possessions, then in 15th century, three emperors claimed the throne
Italy and centralized monarchical state
replacement of republican government by tyrants, development of larger states as larger states expanded at cost of smaller ones (had to rely on condottieri)
replacement of republican government by tyrantts
because during the 14th century there was intense internal strife, city states had to resort to dictatorship, but those dictators used this force to maintain power
condottieri
leaders sold services of their bands to highest bidder, Italian mercenaries
milan
richest city state, Viscotti family established themselves as hereditary despots of Milan, giangaleazzo transformed hereditary deposit into duchy, purchased title of duke from emperor, milan duchy extend power to all of Lombardy
florence
originally controlled y Ordinances of justice, but then popolo minuto and ciompi won their share in government, but then popolo grasso got power back
popolo grassso
dominant role in creation of new constitution called ordinances of justice, merchant industrialist class
ordinacne of justce
provided for republican government controlled by 7 major guilds, the executive power was a council of elected priors and standard bearer of justice, assisted by a number of councils with advisory and overlapping powers
venice
rich merchant families, great council, and Senate hold actual power, doge is a figure head, council of ten became real executive power of state, expanded by establishing colonies and trading posts,
doge
executive head of republic (Venice), figure head VENICE, originally executive head of republic
pope Boniface VIII and king Philip IV of France
- need new revenue, Philip claimed right to tax french clergy 2. Boniface said clergy could not pay taxes without pope’s consent 3. pope asserted position in letters 4. Philip IV wanted to capture pope and bring to trial 5. after Italian nobles saved pope, he died. as result, no other pope dared to renew extra-sent claims of Boniface VII
clement V
because Philip IV put pressure for the new pope to be a french man, clement V became pope, took residence in Avignon in the Holy Roman Empire
decline in papal prestige
pope stayed in Avignon, people believed the popes were captivates of french monarchy
affect of pope staying at Avignon
popes, trying to find new source of revenue to compensate for their loss of income from papal states started to tax clergy, because pope lived in splendor in Avignon, people started to criticize them
Catherine of Siena
led city of Florence to send her on a mission to pope Gregory XI in Avignon
gabelle
tax on salt
taillle
hearth tax
