Summary Parts I, II and III Flashcards
3 levels
human nature
individual and group differences
individual uniqueness
Gosling - dogs
we can describe dog personalities as well as we can human’s
Mischel on personality
does not exist
weak correlation between situations
two personality theories
enitity theory
incremental theory
entitiy theory
traits are fixed
incremental theory
traits are malleable
personality defintion
the set of traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organazied and relatively enduring and that influence ones’ interactions with, and adaptions to, the intrapsychic, physical and social environment
defintion of personality broken down
set of traits and mechanisms within an individual organized and relatively enduring influence interactions adaptions intrapsychic, physical and social environement
trait hierarchy
- trait
- facets
- contextualized facets
- behavioral facets
contextualized facets
what do traits do inspecific contexts?
behavioral facets
what kind of behavior does this trait combined with this environmnent activate?
was Mischel right?
no
cross-situational consistency does only exist between groups
six domains of knowledge
- disposition
- biology
- intrapsychic
- cognition/experience
- society/culture
- adjustment
adjustement domain
adaption to real life
biological domain
genes
physiology
evolution
intrapsychic domain
mental mechanisms
cognitive domain
subjective
dispositional domain
how individuals differ
across all other five domains
five scientific standards
- comprehensiveness
- heuristic value
- testability
- parsimony
- compatility and integration across domains
parsimony
few premises and assumptions
structured questions
closed
unstructured
open-ended
aggregation
adding up observations
better measure for personality
acquiescence
tendency to agree with questionnaire items
act frequency approach
traits are categories of acts
frequency of acts = trait strength
act nomination
which acts belong to a category
part of act frequency approach
prototypicality judgement
which acts are more central to trait
part of act frequency approach
recoding of act performance
acquiring info on actual behavior
part of act frequency approach
nouns
stereotypes
verbs
actual behavior
in actual situations
adjectives
long-term characteristics
factor loadings
how much of an item’s variation is explained by the factor
PEN
Eysenck
psychoticism - extraversion - neuroticism
biological and heritable
adjacency
how close traits are in a circumplex
bipolarity
on opposite sides of cirumplex
orthogonality
90 degrees of seperation
entirely unrelated
3 assumptions of trait psychology
- meaningful individual difference
- consistency over time
- consistency across situations
3 interpretations of consistency across situations
- situational specificity
- situationism
- person-situation interaction
situation specificity
traits are only average tendencies
are consistent to some degree
situationism
personality does not exist
situation is everything
person-situation interaction
selection
evocation
manipulation
Barnum statements
statments applying to everyone and everybody
Hogan personality inventory
work-related aspects of Big Five
coherence
early measures in personality predict later life outcomes
rank-order stability
maintanence of position within group
mean-level change
average level of a trait of a group changes
stability of personality
steadily increases over whole life
heritability formula
difference x 2
h2
genetic variance
c2
shared environmental variance
e2
unique environmental variance
correlation MZ
h2 + c2
correlation DZ
1/2 h2 + c2
environmentality with twin data
e2 = 1 - rMZ c2 = 2rDZ - rMZ
passive correlation
parents have good genes + a pile of books
reactive correlation
aggresive childre -> harsh upbringing
active correlation
= niche picking
doing what you’re best in
candidate gene assocaition studies
looking for gene that is associated with a behavior
neuroticism in the brain
activation of limbic system
especially amygdala
-> more neuroticism = more activation (with emotional stimuli)
5HT and its function
serotonine
frontal inhibitory of limbic system
5hTT
serotonine-transporter
individual differences
in processing fearful stimuli
maybe link to depression
tridimensional personality model
novelty seeking = dopamine
harm avoidance = serotonine
reward dependence = norepinephrine
by Clonginger
Dove-Hawk paradigm
some people get away with nasty trait cause the rest is nice
Freud’s five contributions
- the talking-cure
- techniques for assessing the unconscious
- importance of childhood
- self-regulation and executive control
- coping and emotion regulation
ego depletion
self-control and willpower are limited resources
operations of the Id
pleasure principe
primary process thinkin (illogical)
operations of the Ego
reality principle (conflict of Id and reality) secondary process thinking (logical)
ojective anxiety
control of the ego is threatened
neurotic anxiety
conflict between ego and id
moral anxiety
conflict between ego and superego
need
internal tension
press
external force
alpha press
objective reality
beta press
subjective reality
motive
activates behavior towards a goal
motivation
consistent patters
like a disposition
Murray
need press motive motivation
Maslow
hierarchy of needs
hierarchy of needs
- phsyciological needs
- safety needs
- belongingness needs
- esteem needs
- self-actualization
correspond to six stages fron baby to adult
viscerogenic needs
= primary needs
physiological and safety needs
psychogenic needs
= secondary needs
belongingness, esteem and self-actualization
motivators
related too psychogenic needs
BAS
promotion
hygene factors
related to viscerogenic needs
BIS
prevention
self determination theory
autonomy
competence
relatedness
determine volitional motivation
power stress
high nPow people get stressed when they can’t exert power
more vulnerable to ailments and diseases
peak experience
periods of optimal performance
flow
deep immersion in activity
conditions of client-centered therapy
genuine acceptance
unconditional positive regard
empathic understanding
cognitive styles
strategies and preferences for understadning the world
cognitive contents
substantive perceptions of a person
reducers
stimulation is reduced
seek out stronger stimulation
augmenters
stimulation is augmented
seek out sedating stimulation
Kelley
construct theory
cognitive clinical psychology
everyone has an own reality
S-REF
self-regulatory executive functioning
Beck
levels of S-REF
knowledge in long-term memory
immediate cognition
deeper level of reflexive and unconscious processing
generalized expectancies
for variety of situations
specifitc expectancies
for specific situations
explanatory optimism
why you end up in specific situations
