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Personality Psychology > Summary Parts I, II and III > Flashcards

Summary Parts I, II and III Flashcards

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1
Q

3 levels

A

human nature
individual and group differences
individual uniqueness

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2
Q

Gosling - dogs

A

we can describe dog personalities as well as we can human’s

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3
Q

Mischel on personality

A

does not exist

weak correlation between situations

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4
Q

two personality theories

A

enitity theory

incremental theory

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5
Q

entitiy theory

A

traits are fixed

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6
Q

incremental theory

A

traits are malleable

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7
Q

personality defintion

A

the set of traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organazied and relatively enduring and that influence ones’ interactions with, and adaptions to, the intrapsychic, physical and social environment

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8
Q

defintion of personality broken down

A 
set of traits
and mechanisms
within an individual
organized and relatively enduring
influence
interactions 
adaptions
intrapsychic, physical and social environement
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9
Q

trait hierarchy

A
  1. trait
  2. facets
  3. contextualized facets
  4. behavioral facets
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10
Q

contextualized facets

A

what do traits do inspecific contexts?

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11
Q

behavioral facets

A

what kind of behavior does this trait combined with this environmnent activate?

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12
Q

was Mischel right?

A

no

cross-situational consistency does only exist between groups

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13
Q

six domains of knowledge

A
  1. disposition
  2. biology
  3. intrapsychic
  4. cognition/experience
  5. society/culture
  6. adjustment
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14
Q

adjustement domain

A

adaption to real life

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15
Q

biological domain

A

genes
physiology
evolution

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16
Q

intrapsychic domain

A

mental mechanisms

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17
Q

cognitive domain

A

subjective

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18
Q

dispositional domain

A

how individuals differ

across all other five domains

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19
Q

five scientific standards

A
  1. comprehensiveness
  2. heuristic value
  3. testability
  4. parsimony
  5. compatility and integration across domains
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20
Q

parsimony

A

few premises and assumptions

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21
Q

structured questions

A

closed

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22
Q

unstructured

A

open-ended

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23
Q

aggregation

A

adding up observations

better measure for personality

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24
Q

acquiescence

A

tendency to agree with questionnaire items

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25
Q

act frequency approach

A

traits are categories of acts

frequency of acts = trait strength

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26
Q

act nomination

A

which acts belong to a category

part of act frequency approach

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27
Q

prototypicality judgement

A

which acts are more central to trait

part of act frequency approach

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28
Q

recoding of act performance

A

acquiring info on actual behavior

part of act frequency approach

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29
Q

nouns

A

stereotypes

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30
Q

verbs

A

actual behavior

in actual situations

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31
Q

adjectives

A

long-term characteristics

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32
Q

factor loadings

A

how much of an item’s variation is explained by the factor

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33
Q

PEN

A

Eysenck
psychoticism - extraversion - neuroticism
biological and heritable

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34
Q

adjacency

A

how close traits are in a circumplex

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35
Q

bipolarity

A

on opposite sides of cirumplex

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36
Q

orthogonality

A

90 degrees of seperation

entirely unrelated

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37
Q

3 assumptions of trait psychology

A
  1. meaningful individual difference
  2. consistency over time
  3. consistency across situations
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38
Q

3 interpretations of consistency across situations

A
  1. situational specificity
  2. situationism
  3. person-situation interaction
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39
Q

situation specificity

A

traits are only average tendencies

are consistent to some degree

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40
Q

situationism

A

personality does not exist

situation is everything

41
Q

person-situation interaction

A

selection
evocation
manipulation

42
Q

Barnum statements

A

statments applying to everyone and everybody

43
Q

Hogan personality inventory

A

work-related aspects of Big Five

44
Q

coherence

A

early measures in personality predict later life outcomes

45
Q

rank-order stability

A

maintanence of position within group

46
Q

mean-level change

A

average level of a trait of a group changes

47
Q

stability of personality

A

steadily increases over whole life

48
Q

heritability formula

A

difference x 2

49
Q

h2

A

genetic variance

50
Q

c2

A

shared environmental variance

51
Q

e2

A

unique environmental variance

52
Q

correlation MZ

A

h2 + c2

53
Q

correlation DZ

A

1/2 h2 + c2

54
Q

environmentality with twin data

A 
e2 = 1 - rMZ
c2 = 2rDZ - rMZ
55
Q

passive correlation

A

parents have good genes + a pile of books

56
Q

reactive correlation

A

aggresive childre -> harsh upbringing

57
Q

active correlation

A

= niche picking

doing what you’re best in

58
Q

candidate gene assocaition studies

A

looking for gene that is associated with a behavior

59
Q

neuroticism in the brain

A

activation of limbic system
especially amygdala
-> more neuroticism = more activation (with emotional stimuli)

60
Q

5HT and its function

A

serotonine

frontal inhibitory of limbic system

61
Q

5hTT

A

serotonine-transporter
individual differences
in processing fearful stimuli
maybe link to depression

62
Q

tridimensional personality model

A

novelty seeking = dopamine
harm avoidance = serotonine
reward dependence = norepinephrine

by Clonginger

63
Q

Dove-Hawk paradigm

A

some people get away with nasty trait cause the rest is nice

64
Q

Freud’s five contributions

A
  1. the talking-cure
  2. techniques for assessing the unconscious
  3. importance of childhood
  4. self-regulation and executive control
  5. coping and emotion regulation
65
Q

ego depletion

A

self-control and willpower are limited resources

66
Q

operations of the Id

A

pleasure principe

primary process thinkin (illogical)

67
Q

operations of the Ego

A 
reality principle (conflict of Id and reality)
secondary process thinking (logical)
68
Q

ojective anxiety

A

control of the ego is threatened

69
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

conflict between ego and id

70
Q

moral anxiety

A

conflict between ego and superego

71
Q

need

A

internal tension

72
Q

press

A

external force

73
Q

alpha press

A

objective reality

74
Q

beta press

A

subjective reality

75
Q

motive

A

activates behavior towards a goal

76
Q

motivation

A

consistent patters

like a disposition

77
Q

Murray

A

need press motive motivation

78
Q

Maslow

A

hierarchy of needs

79
Q

hierarchy of needs

A
  1. phsyciological needs
  2. safety needs
  3. belongingness needs
  4. esteem needs
  5. self-actualization

correspond to six stages fron baby to adult

80
Q

viscerogenic needs

A

= primary needs

physiological and safety needs

81
Q

psychogenic needs

A

= secondary needs

belongingness, esteem and self-actualization

82
Q

motivators

A

related too psychogenic needs
BAS
promotion

83
Q

hygene factors

A

related to viscerogenic needs
BIS
prevention

84
Q

self determination theory

A

autonomy
competence
relatedness

determine volitional motivation

85
Q

power stress

A

high nPow people get stressed when they can’t exert power

more vulnerable to ailments and diseases

86
Q

peak experience

A

periods of optimal performance

87
Q

flow

A

deep immersion in activity

88
Q

conditions of client-centered therapy

A

genuine acceptance
unconditional positive regard
empathic understanding

89
Q

cognitive styles

A

strategies and preferences for understadning the world

90
Q

cognitive contents

A

substantive perceptions of a person

91
Q

reducers

A

stimulation is reduced

seek out stronger stimulation

92
Q

augmenters

A

stimulation is augmented

seek out sedating stimulation

93
Q

Kelley

A

construct theory
cognitive clinical psychology
everyone has an own reality

94
Q

S-REF

A

self-regulatory executive functioning

Beck

95
Q

levels of S-REF

A

knowledge in long-term memory
immediate cognition
deeper level of reflexive and unconscious processing

96
Q

generalized expectancies

A

for variety of situations

97
Q

specifitc expectancies

A

for specific situations

98
Q

explanatory optimism

A

why you end up in specific situations

Personality Psychology (13 decks)

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