Summary Parts I, II and III Flashcards
1
Q
3 levels
A
human nature
individual and group differences
individual uniqueness
2
Q
Gosling - dogs
A
we can describe dog personalities as well as we can human’s
3
Q
Mischel on personality
A
does not exist
weak correlation between situations
4
Q
two personality theories
A
enitity theory
incremental theory
5
Q
entitiy theory
A
traits are fixed
6
Q
incremental theory
A
traits are malleable
7
Q
personality defintion
A
the set of traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organazied and relatively enduring and that influence ones’ interactions with, and adaptions to, the intrapsychic, physical and social environment
8
Q
defintion of personality broken down
A
set of traits and mechanisms within an individual organized and relatively enduring influence interactions adaptions intrapsychic, physical and social environement
9
Q
trait hierarchy
A
- trait
- facets
- contextualized facets
- behavioral facets
10
Q
contextualized facets
A
what do traits do inspecific contexts?
11
Q
behavioral facets
A
what kind of behavior does this trait combined with this environmnent activate?
12
Q
was Mischel right?
A
no
cross-situational consistency does only exist between groups
13
Q
six domains of knowledge
A
- disposition
- biology
- intrapsychic
- cognition/experience
- society/culture
- adjustment
14
Q
adjustement domain
A
adaption to real life
15
Q
biological domain
A
genes
physiology
evolution
16
Q
intrapsychic domain
A
mental mechanisms
17
Q
cognitive domain
A
subjective
18
Q
dispositional domain
A
how individuals differ
across all other five domains
19
Q
five scientific standards
A
- comprehensiveness
- heuristic value
- testability
- parsimony
- compatility and integration across domains
20
Q
parsimony
A
few premises and assumptions
21
Q
structured questions
A
closed
22
Q
unstructured
A
open-ended
23
Q
aggregation
A
adding up observations
better measure for personality
24
Q
acquiescence
A
tendency to agree with questionnaire items
25
act frequency approach
traits are categories of acts
| frequency of acts = trait strength
26
act nomination
which acts belong to a category
part of act frequency approach
27
prototypicality judgement
which acts are more central to trait
part of act frequency approach
28
recoding of act performance
acquiring info on actual behavior
part of act frequency approach
29
nouns
stereotypes
30
verbs
actual behavior
| in actual situations
31
adjectives
long-term characteristics
32
factor loadings
how much of an item's variation is explained by the factor
33
PEN
Eysenck
psychoticism - extraversion - neuroticism
biological and heritable
34
adjacency
how close traits are in a circumplex
35
bipolarity
on opposite sides of cirumplex
36
orthogonality
90 degrees of seperation
| entirely unrelated
37
3 assumptions of trait psychology
1. meaningful individual difference
2. consistency over time
3. consistency across situations
38
3 interpretations of consistency across situations
1. situational specificity
2. situationism
3. person-situation interaction
39
situation specificity
traits are only average tendencies
| are consistent to some degree
40
situationism
personality does not exist
| situation is everything
41
person-situation interaction
selection
evocation
manipulation
42
Barnum statements
statments applying to everyone and everybody
43
Hogan personality inventory
work-related aspects of Big Five
44
coherence
early measures in personality predict later life outcomes
45
rank-order stability
maintanence of position within group
46
mean-level change
average level of a trait of a group changes
47
stability of personality
steadily increases over whole life
48
heritability formula
difference x 2
49
h2
genetic variance
50
c2
shared environmental variance
51
e2
unique environmental variance
52
correlation MZ
h2 + c2
53
correlation DZ
1/2 h2 + c2
54
environmentality with twin data
```
e2 = 1 - rMZ
c2 = 2rDZ - rMZ
```
55
passive correlation
parents have good genes + a pile of books
56
reactive correlation
aggresive childre -> harsh upbringing
57
active correlation
= niche picking
| doing what you're best in
58
candidate gene assocaition studies
looking for gene that is associated with a behavior
59
neuroticism in the brain
activation of limbic system
especially amygdala
-> more neuroticism = more activation (with emotional stimuli)
60
5HT and its function
serotonine
| frontal inhibitory of limbic system
61
5hTT
serotonine-transporter
individual differences
in processing fearful stimuli
maybe link to depression
62
tridimensional personality model
novelty seeking = dopamine
harm avoidance = serotonine
reward dependence = norepinephrine
by Clonginger
63
Dove-Hawk paradigm
some people get away with nasty trait cause the rest is nice
64
Freud's five contributions
1. the talking-cure
2. techniques for assessing the unconscious
3. importance of childhood
4. self-regulation and executive control
5. coping and emotion regulation
65
ego depletion
self-control and willpower are limited resources
66
operations of the Id
pleasure principe
| primary process thinkin (illogical)
67
operations of the Ego
```
reality principle (conflict of Id and reality)
secondary process thinking (logical)
```
68
ojective anxiety
control of the ego is threatened
69
neurotic anxiety
conflict between ego and id
70
moral anxiety
conflict between ego and superego
71
need
internal tension
72
press
external force
73
alpha press
objective reality
74
beta press
subjective reality
75
motive
activates behavior towards a goal
76
motivation
consistent patters
| like a disposition
77
Murray
need press motive motivation
78
Maslow
hierarchy of needs
79
hierarchy of needs
1. phsyciological needs
2. safety needs
3. belongingness needs
4. esteem needs
5. self-actualization
correspond to six stages fron baby to adult
80
viscerogenic needs
= primary needs
| physiological and safety needs
81
psychogenic needs
= secondary needs
| belongingness, esteem and self-actualization
82
motivators
related too psychogenic needs
BAS
promotion
83
hygene factors
related to viscerogenic needs
BIS
prevention
84
self determination theory
autonomy
competence
relatedness
determine volitional motivation
85
power stress
high nPow people get stressed when they can't exert power
| more vulnerable to ailments and diseases
86
peak experience
periods of optimal performance
87
flow
deep immersion in activity
88
conditions of client-centered therapy
genuine acceptance
unconditional positive regard
empathic understanding
89
cognitive styles
strategies and preferences for understadning the world
90
cognitive contents
substantive perceptions of a person
91
reducers
stimulation is reduced
| seek out stronger stimulation
92
augmenters
stimulation is augmented
| seek out sedating stimulation
93
Kelley
construct theory
cognitive clinical psychology
everyone has an own reality
94
S-REF
self-regulatory executive functioning
| Beck
95
levels of S-REF
knowledge in long-term memory
immediate cognition
deeper level of reflexive and unconscious processing
96
generalized expectancies
for variety of situations
97
specifitc expectancies
for specific situations
98
explanatory optimism
why you end up in specific situations
