Lecture 6 Flashcards
Victorian era
1839-1901 poverty women opressed sexuality was dangerous due to e.g. syphilis, no birth control and childbrith death -> social reporession of sex
efectiveness of psychoanalysis
short-term: the same as CBT
long-term: unclear
Freud’s first contribution
the talking cure for hysteria
Interpretation of Dreams
1900
dreams are not random
reveal unconscious wishes
Freud’s breakthrough
psychoanalytic therapeutic procedures
free association Freudian slips dream analysis hypnosis transference
standardized techniques
projective tests
implicit tests
projective test
ambigious stimulus
people have to tell what they see
e.g. TAT
implicit association test
presented a statement
reaction time measured
the faster the stronger the association
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality - phases
oral - anal - phallic - latency - genital
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
1920
Freud’s personality theory
Ego - Id - Superego
Ego
biggest part is unconscious
Superego
partly unconscious
Id
fully unconscious
Anna Freud
1936: Ego defense mechanisms
six defensive maneuvers
repression denial displacement rationalization projection sublimation
rationalization
suggesting a socially acceptable explanation
projection
acusing the other of the very thing you are doing
sublimation
sexual or aggressive impulse are channeled into socially acceptable domains
-> most adaptable ego defense
Freud wars
80s and 90s
studies showed flaws in Freud’s research and clinical practice
psychonanalysis became cult-like
common criticisms of Freud
not applicable to our time
not in line with biology
too pessimistic, hierachical and reductionist
stress stage 1
ff response
release of energy
alertness
stress stage 2
stressor is prolonged
resistance
depletion of resources
stress stage 3
stress lasts even longer
exhaustion
suseptible to illness and disease
acute stress
by specific situation
traumatic stress
in extreme situations
when life in threatened
may lead to PTSD
chronic stress
never ends
interacional model
objective stressors -> coping -> bodily arousal -> illness
personality influences coping
transactional model
same as interactional mode
but personality also influences exposure to stressors
health behavior model
personality influences coping indirectley
influences health behaviors
Karen Horney
pioneer of coping strategies
womb envy
feminine psychology
Horney’s styles
compliant = towards people
aggressive = away from people
healthy people balance between them
Lazarus definition of stress
subjective
feeling resulting from believing that situation exceeds resources
primary appraisal
is the situation relevant and threatening
secondary appraisal
if situation is threatening and relevant
are my resources adequate?
four kinds of optimism
not blaming for the past
optimism about the future
task-specific optimism = self-efficacy
ignoring risks
what does optimism predict?
subjetive & objective heath
positive heath beahavior
however, causality is unclear
sharing emotions
good in Western cultures
bad in Asian cultures
venting
strong release of emotional expression
fuels anger
debrieving procedures
after potential PTSD event
often make it worse
amygdala and pictures
lights up when seeing negative pictures
less activation when describing them
diary
small effect on well-being
maybe due to increased self-insight
corrections to misconceptions on coping and defense mechanisms
can both be conscious and unconsious
both equally stable
both healthy or unhealthy
goal of coping
decrease negative affect
return to baseline arousal
solve problems
goal of defense mechanisms
emotion and arousal management
not about problem-solving
