Lecture 6 Flashcards by Luca W

Victorian era

1839-1901
poverty
women opressed
sexuality was dangerous due to e.g. syphilis, no birth control and childbrith death
-> social reporession of sex

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efectiveness of psychoanalysis

short-term: the same as CBT

long-term: unclear

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Freud’s first contribution

the talking cure for hysteria

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Interpretation of Dreams

1900
dreams are not random
reveal unconscious wishes
Freud’s breakthrough

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psychoanalytic therapeutic procedures

free association
Freudian slips
dream analysis
hypnosis
transference

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standardized techniques

projective tests

implicit tests

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projective test

ambigious stimulus
people have to tell what they see
e.g. TAT

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implicit association test

presented a statement
reaction time measured
the faster the stronger the association

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Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality - phases

oral - anal - phallic - latency - genital

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Beyond the Pleasure Principle

1920
Freud’s personality theory
Ego - Id - Superego

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Ego

biggest part is unconscious

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Superego

partly unconscious

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fully unconscious

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Anna Freud

1936: Ego defense mechanisms

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six defensive maneuvers

repression
denial
displacement
rationalization
projection
sublimation

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rationalization

suggesting a socially acceptable explanation

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projection

acusing the other of the very thing you are doing

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sublimation

sexual or aggressive impulse are channeled into socially acceptable domains
-> most adaptable ego defense

Freud wars

80s and 90s
studies showed flaws in Freud’s research and clinical practice
psychonanalysis became cult-like

common criticisms of Freud

not applicable to our time
not in line with biology
too pessimistic, hierachical and reductionist

stress stage 1

ff response
release of energy
alertness

stress stage 2

stressor is prolonged
resistance
depletion of resources

stress stage 3

stress lasts even longer
exhaustion
suseptible to illness and disease

acute stress

by specific situation

traumatic stress

in extreme situations when life in threatened may lead to PTSD

chronic stress

never ends

interacional model

objective stressors -> coping -> bodily arousal -> illness | personality influences coping

transactional model

same as interactional mode | but personality also influences exposure to stressors

health behavior model

personality influences coping indirectley | influences health behaviors

Karen Horney

pioneer of coping strategies womb envy feminine psychology

Horney's styles

compliant = towards people aggressive = away from people healthy people balance between them

Lazarus definition of stress

subjective | feeling resulting from believing that situation exceeds resources

primary appraisal

is the situation relevant and threatening

secondary appraisal

if situation is threatening and relevant | are my resources adequate?

four kinds of optimism

not blaming for the past optimism about the future task-specific optimism = self-efficacy ignoring risks

what does optimism predict?

subjetive & objective heath positive heath beahavior however, causality is unclear

sharing emotions

good in Western cultures | bad in Asian cultures

venting

strong release of emotional expression | fuels anger

debrieving procedures

after potential PTSD event | often make it worse

amygdala and pictures

lights up when seeing negative pictures | less activation when describing them

diary

small effect on well-being | maybe due to increased self-insight

corrections to misconceptions on coping and defense mechanisms

can both be conscious and unconsious both equally stable both healthy or unhealthy

goal of coping

decrease negative affect return to baseline arousal solve problems

goal of defense mechanisms

emotion and arousal management | not about problem-solving