Summary of Brain Organization

Question 1

What are the 4 main parts of the BRAIN?

Answer 1

1) CEREBRUM
2) DIANCEPHALON
3) BRAINSTEM
4) CEREBELLUM

Question 2

What are the 2 hemispheres of the CEREBRUM?

Answer 2

1) Left hemisphere

2) Right hemisphere

Question 3

What are the 5 lobes of the CEREBRUM?

Answer 3

1) FRONTAL LOBE
2) PARIETAL LOBE
3) OCCIPITAL LOBE
4) TEMPORAL LOBE
5) INSULA (can’t be seen from the outside)

Question 4

What are the 3 layers of the CEREBRUM?

Answer 4

1) CEREBRAL CORTEX
2) WHITE MATTER
3) BASAL NUCLEI

Question 5

What are the 3 parts of the DIANCEPHALON?

Answer 5

1) THALAMUS
2) HYPOTHALAMUS
3) EPITHALAMUS

Question 6

What are the 3 parts of the BRAINSTEM?

Answer 6

1) MIDBRAIN
2) PONS
3) MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Question 7

How can the CEREBRUM be divided?

Answer 7

In half, into lobes, or into 3 layers

Question 8

What does the left hemisphere of the CEREBRUM mainly control?

Answer 8

It controls the movement of the right side of the body, and more academic things such as language, math, logic, speech, etc.

Question 9

What does the right hemisphere of the CEREBRUM control?

Answer 9

it controls the movement of the left side of the body, and more “fluffy” things such as creativity, intuition, emotion, artistic ability, etc.

Question 10

What does the term “controlateral control” mean?

Answer 10

It means that the right hemi controls the left side of the body and vice versa

Question 11

What is the fissure dividing the 2 hemi’s called?

Answer 11

The LONGITUDINAL FISSURE

Question 12

What are the grooves in the surface of the CEREBRUM called?

Answer 12

SULCUS (s) or SULCI (pl)

Question 13

What are the ridges in the surface of the CEREBRUM called?

Answer 13

GYRUS (s) or GYRI (pl)

Question 14

What is the function of the LATERAL SULCUS?

Answer 14

It outlines the TEMPORAL LOBE

Question 15

What is the function of the CENTRAL SULCUS?

Answer 15

It separates the FRONTAL and PARIETAL LOBES

Question 16

What is the function of the TRANSVERSE FISSURE?

Answer 16

It separates the CEREBRUM and the CEREBELLUM

Question 17

What is the CEREBRAL CORTEX made of? Approximately how thick is it?

Answer 17

SUPERFICIAL GREY MATTER - DENDRITES, SOMA, UNMYELINATED AXONS. 2-4 mm thick

Question 18

What part of the BRAIN make up 40% of total BRAIN mass?

Answer 18

The CEREBRAL CORTEX

Question 19

Which part of the CEREBRAL CORTEX is responsible for hearing?

Answer 19

Haven’t ya heard? It’s the PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

Question 20

What does the AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA in the CEREBRAL CORTEX do?

Answer 20

It is responsible for integrating info, understanding what we’re hearing.

Question 21

What is the role of the PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX? Where is it found?

Answer 21

It controls precise voluntary movement and is found in the PRECENTRAL GYRUS

Question 22

What is the role of the PREMOTOR CORTEX (also known as the MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA)?

Answer 22

It controls learned/patterned skills

e.g. typing, dancing, speaking

Question 23

What is the role of the PREFRONTAL CORTEX?

Answer 23

It controls intellect, personality, complex learning, planning, judgement, reasoning, analysis (it develops slowly)

Question 24

What is the role of the BROCA’S AREA?

Answer 24

It plans and programs MOTOR CORTEX for speech

Question 25

What is the role of the PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX? Where is it found?

Answer 25

It receives info from skin and muscle, can identify regions of the body that are stimulated, most sensitive area = largest area of CORTEX. Located in the POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

Question 26

What is the role of the SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA?

Answer 26

It integrates sensory input and gives understanding | e.g. knowing the difference between coins and your keys by just touch

Question 27

What is the role of the PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX?

Answer 27

It receives visual info

Question 28

What is the role of the VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA?

Answer 28

It integrates color, form, movement, etc. also recognition and understanding what youre seeing

Question 29

What is the role of WERNICKE'S AREA?

Answer 29

It interprets the meaning of speech

Question 30

Name 3 types of myelinated fibers in large tracts

Answer 30

1) ASSOCIATION FIBERS 2) COMMISSURAL FIBERS 3) PROJECTION FIBERS

Question 31

Which type of WHITE MATTER connects different parts of the *same* hemisphere?

Answer 31

ASSOCIATION FIBERS

Question 32

Which type of WHITE MATTER connects corresponding areas of *2* hemispheres? (the largest = the CORPUS CALLOSUM)

Answer 32

COMMISSURAL FIBERS

Question 33

Which type of WHITE MATTER connects the CORTEX to the *rest* of the nervous system? (runs vertically)

Answer 33

PROJECTION FIBERS

Question 34

Explain BASAL NUCLEI

Answer 34

They are a collection of nerve cell bodies and they influence motor control e.g. starting, stopping, intensity

Question 35

Where is the DIANCEPHALON (aka "head of the seahorse" found?

Answer 35

Its found deep to the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

Question 36

What does the THALAMUS (aka the main head of the seahorse" do?

Answer 36

- It receives all sensory info (integrate, filters in, and relays some to the CORTEX) - general feeling of (un)pleasantness - mediates sensation, motor activities, learning, memory

Question 37

The HYPOTHALAMUS (aka "snout of the seahorse") detects, then activates mechanisms that regulate:

Answer 37

- ANS (cardiac and smooth muscle, glands) - Emotions (fear, anger, pleasure, sex drive, etc.) - Body temp. (sweating and shivering) - Food intake (feelings of hunger or satiety) - Water balance (thirst, water retention) - Sleep/wake cycles - Endocrine system (produce hormones and control secretion of other hormones

Question 38

What is the function of the EPITHALAMUS (aka "mane of the seahorse)?

Answer 38

contains the - CHOROID PLEXUS = capillary network involved in CSF formation - PINEAL GLAND = small endocrine gland that secretes melatonin which regulates sleep cycle and mood.

Question 39

What is the CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA?

Answer 39

It is 4 raised bodies on the dorsal surface of the MIDBRAIN

Question 40

What reflexes does the SUPERIOR COLLICULI control?

Answer 40

It controls visual reflexes | e.g. tracking a moving object

Question 41

What reflexes does the INFERIOR COLLICULI control?

Answer 41

it controls auditory reflexes | e.g. being startled by something, jump scares, etc.

Question 42

What does the MIDBRAIN do?

Answer 42

- (WHITE) it coordinates and relays info between CEREBRUM and CEREBELLUM - (GREY) substantia nigra - inhibits THALAMUS and BASAL NUCLEI to prevent unwanted movement (degeneration of neurons = Parkinson's tremors

Question 43

What does the PONS (aka the "belly of the seahorse" do?

Answer 43

- (WHITE) connects CEREBELLUM to the rest of the CNS | - (GREY) respiratory centers - controls and modifies breathing rhythms

Question 44

What does the MEDULLA OBLONGATA (aka "tail of the seahorse" do? Be prepared...its a lot...

Answer 44

- Blends into SPINAL CORD - Relays and integrates sensory info from ascending tracts - motor tracts relay commands - decussation of the pyramids = 85% of tracts cross over here - allows contralateral control - autonomic reflex centers - cardiovascular center - regulates force of contraction and BP - respiratory rhythm center - sets rate and depth of breathing - other centers e.g. vomiting, sneezing, swallowing, coughing