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1 SUGER > SUGER anatomy: female genitalia > Flashcards

SUGER anatomy: female genitalia Flashcards

1
Q

what are the female gonads? (primary reproductive organs)

A

the ovaries

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2
Q

how many ovaries are there?

A

ovaries are paired oval organs (2)

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3
Q

where do the ovaries develop?

A

within the mesonephric ridge

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4
Q

what is the mesovarium?

A
  • part of broad ligament on uterus

- is a double fold of peritoneum/mesentery

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5
Q

what is the role of the mesovarium? (2)

A

it attaches the ovaries to the posterior surface of the broad ligament

it is where Neurovascular structures enter the hilum of the ovary

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6
Q

what is the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

= a double layer of peritoneum enveloping the uterus

sheet that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis.

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7
Q

where does an ovary commonly lie?

A

within ovarian fossa (depression in lateral wall of pelvis)

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8
Q

what are the main 2 roles of the ovaries?

A
  1. to produce oocytes (female gametes)

2. to produce sex steroid hormones

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9
Q

what are the 3 different Parts of the ovaries histologically ?

A
  1. surface - germinal epithelium
  2. cortex - has follicles that each contain an oocyte
  3. medulla - contains the neurovascular structures that enter hilum of the ovary
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10
Q

the suspensory ligament of ovary

  • where is it?
  • what structures does it contain?
A
  • goes out from mesovarium to pelvic wall

- contains neurovascular structures

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11
Q

the ligament of ovary - where is it?

aka. ovarian ligament

A
  • extends from theovary to thefundusof the uterus

- becomes round ligament

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12
Q

the round ligament

A
  • uterine horns to the labia majora, passing through the inguinal canal
  • supports uterus
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13
Q

what are the 3 mesenteries that make up the posterior surface of the broad ligament

A

mesometrium

mesovarium

mesoalpinx

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14
Q

what arteries supply the ovaries?

A

ovarian (gonadal) arteries from aorta

uterine arteries

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15
Q

what is the venous drainage of the ovaries?

A

paired ovarian veins

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16
Q

what is the innervation of the ovaries?

A

sympathetic - ovarain plexus

parasympathetic - uterine plexus

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17
Q

which ligament do the nerves travel through to reach hilum of the ovaries?

A

suspensory ligament of the ovary

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18
Q

what are the 3 roles of the vagina?

A
  1. female organ of sexual intercourse
  2. childbirth
  3. menstruation
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19
Q

where does the vagina start?

A

external vaginal orifice (between the labia minora)

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20
Q

where does the vagina end?

A

at the cervix

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21
Q

is the vagina in the pelvic cavity?

A
  • upper 2/3 in pelvic cavity

- lower 1/3 in perineum

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22
Q

what is the perineum?

A
  • area between the anus and genitals,
    eg. vaginal opening to the anus
    or the scrotum to the anus.
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23
Q

is the vagina anterior or posterior to:

  1. bladder and urethra
  2. rectum and anal canal
A
  1. posterior

2. anterior

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24
Q

how would you describe the shape of the vagina?

A

H shaped tunnel

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25
Q

how would you describe the structure of the vagina?

A

fibromuscular tube

collapsed ant/post walls

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26
Q

where is semen retained after intravaginal ejaculation?

A

within posterior fornix

there are 2 domes around the cervix called the anterior and posterior fornices

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27
Q

what is the most internal epithelium of the vagina? how does it provide protection?

A
  • stratified squamous

- lubricated by cervical mucus

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28
Q

what are the papillae in the vagina?

A
  • smooth round bumps on the labia minora

- found in 2nd most inner layer of vagina (elastic lamina propria)

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29
Q

what are the muscle layers in the vagina?

A

2 smooth muscles that create the Fibromuscular layer

  • inner circular
  • outerlongitudinal
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30
Q

what is the most external layer of the vagina?

A

the adventitia

  • fibrous layer that provides strength and binds to surrounding structures
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31
Q

what is the arteriole supply to the vagina?

A
  • uterine and vagina arteries (from internal iliac)
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32
Q

describe the venous drainage of the vagina?

A

vaginal venous plexus → uterine vein → internal iliac veins

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33
Q

what gives the vagina its Parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation?

A

the uterovaginal plexus

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34
Q

what is the somatic innervation of the inferior 1/5 of vagina?

A
  • the deep perineal nerve (branch of pudendal)
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35
Q

what is a secondary sex organ? give an example of a female one

A
  • an organ in the reproductive tract that matures during puberty
  • eg. the uterus
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36
Q

how is the structure of the uterus adapted to accommodate a fetus?

A
  • hollow

- muscular

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37
Q

what is the role of the uterus?

A

maintanance and transportation of gametes

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38
Q

what are the 3 parts to the uterus ?

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. cervix
39
Q

what is the purpose of the fundus of the uterus?

A

it connects the body to the uterine/fallopian tubes

40
Q

which part of the uterus lies on the superior surface (on top of) the bladder ?

A

the body

41
Q

what is the function of the body of the uterus?

A

site for implantation of blastocyst

42
Q

which part of the uterus is different structurally, histologically and functional to the other 2 parts?

A

the cervix (bottom part, connects to vagina)

43
Q

what are the 3 tissue layers of the fundus and body of the uterus?

A
  1. peritoneum (continuous with abdominal)
  2. myometrium (thick smooth muscle, distends in pregnancy)
  3. endometrium (inner mucous membrane lining where blastocyst implants)
44
Q

what are the 2 subparts to the endometrium lining?

A

a. superficial stratum functionalis
(responsive to sex hormones, is shed in mensuration)

b. deep striatum basalis
(cells regenerate the superficial layer after shedding)

45
Q

what are the attachments of the cardinal ligament?

A
  • at base of broad ligament

- from cervix to lateral pelvic walls

46
Q

what are the functions of the cardinal ligament?

A
  • contains uterine artery/vein

- support to uterus

47
Q

what are the attachments of the uterosacral ligament?

A

from the cervix to the sacrum

sacrum = bony structure that is located at the base of the lumbar vertebrae and that is connected to the pelvis.

48
Q

arterial supply to uterus?

A

uterine arteries

49
Q

venous drainage of uterus?

A

plexus in broad ligament -> uterine veins

50
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the uterus?

A

uterovaginal plexus

51
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the uterus?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)

52
Q

what is the afferent innervation of the uterus?

A

ascend through theinferior hypogastric plexus to enter the spinal cord viaT10-T12 andL1 nerve fibres.

53
Q

what are the 2 parts to the cervix?

A

the ectocervix - projects into the vagina (distal)

the endocervical canal - proximal

54
Q

which part of cervix has stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium?

A

the ectocervix (distal)

55
Q

which part of cervix has mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium?

A

the endocervical canal (proximal)

56
Q

what are the 2 openings called either side of the endocervical canal ?

A

the internal os - opens to uterine cavity

the external os - opens to ectocervix and vagina

57
Q

how does the cervix facilitate the passage of sperm into the uterine cavity?

A

via dilation of the external and internal os

58
Q

how does the cervix maintain sterility of the upper female reproductive tract? (3)

A
  • sheds endometrium frequently
  • thick cervical mucous
  • the external os is narrow
59
Q

what muscle helps to stabilise the position of the cervix?

A

the levator ani muscle

60
Q

where do the uterine/Fallopian tubes run?

A
  • in upper border of broad ligament
61
Q

what is the role of the uterine tubes?

A
  1. to carry ova from ovary to uterine cavity

2. site of fertilisation

62
Q

what is the narrow part of the uterine tube, that is closest to the uterus, called?

A

the isthmus

63
Q

what is the 2nd part of uterine tube called? it is the site of fertilisation

A

the (dilated) ampulla

64
Q

what is the 3rd, funnel shaped part of uterine tube called?

A

the infundibulum

65
Q

how is the infundibulum able to capture ovum on the surface of the ovary?

A

with its fimbrae - finger like projections on free edge

66
Q

how does the ultrastructure of the uterine tube help the ovum reach the uterus?

A
  • its inner mucosa layer is lined with cells that waft the ovum
  • smooth muscle layer undergoes peristalsis (when oestrogen levels are high)
67
Q

what are the 2 types of cells in the inner mucosa layer of the uterine tubes?

A
  • ciliated columnar epithelial cells

- peg cells (non-ciliated secretory)

68
Q

what are the arteries and veins that supply/drain the uterine tubes?

A

uterine and ovarian

arteries /veins

69
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic of the uterine tubes?

A

theovariananduterine (pelvic) plexuses.

70
Q

what is the name for all the parts of the female external genitalia?

A

the vulva

71
Q

what are the 3 roles of the vulva?

A
  • sensory tissue during sexual intercourse
  • Assists in micturition by directing the flow of urine
  • Protects the internal reproductive tract from infection.
72
Q

what arteries supply the vluva?

A

internal pudendal arteries

branches of the internal iliac arteries

73
Q

what are the 4 nerves that innervate the vulva?

A
  1. ilioinguinal nerve,
  2. genital branch of genitofemoral nerve,
  3. pudendal nerve
  4. the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh.
74
Q

what is the main difference between the Labia majoraand Labia minora?

A

labia majora - 2 hairbearing external skin folds

labia minora - 2 hairless folds of skin, which lie within the labia majora.

75
Q

the fusion of which structure forms the mons pubis?

A

the 2 labia majora folds

76
Q

where is the mons pubis?

A

subcutaneous fat pad anterior to pubic symphysis

77
Q

what are the labia majora and minora embryologically derived from?

A

Labia majora - labioscrotal swellings

Labia minora - urethral folds

78
Q

what structure fuses to form the hood of the clitoris?

A

the 2 Labia minorafolds fuse anteriorly

79
Q

what structure does the posterior fusion of the 2 Labia minorafolds form?

A
  • forms a fold of skin

- called the fourchette

80
Q

what structure extends posteriorly either side of the vaginal opening?

A
  • the Labia minora
81
Q

what are the 2 openings in the vulva? which is the larger hole?

A

opening of the urethra:
- the urethra orifice/ urinary meatus

opening of the vagina:

  • the external vaginal orifice/vagina introitus
  • LARGER hole
82
Q

what is the collective name for the openings of the vulva?

A

the Vestibule of the vagina

  • area enclosed by labia minora
  • from just below clitoris to just before the fourchette
  • smooth surface
  • contains the urethra and the vaginal orifice
83
Q

what are the vestibular glands?

A

2 sets of glands within the vestibule

  • the greater vestibular/ bartholins glands
  • the lesser vestibular/skenes glands
84
Q

where are bartholins/the greater vestibular glands ?

A

either side of the posterior end of the vaginal opening

85
Q

what is the role of the bartholins/the greater vestibular glands?

A

secrete lubricating mucus from small ducts during sexual arousal

86
Q

where are skenes/the lesser vestibular glands ?

A

near the urethral opening (anterior to)

87
Q

where is the pea-sized clitoris located?

A

under/posterior to the clitoral hood

before/anterior to the urethral opening

88
Q

what 2 erectile tissues form the clitoris?

A
  • erectile corpora cavernosa

- corpus spongiosum

89
Q

what features make the clitoris similar to the penis?

A
  • similar embryologically (derived from the genital tubercle)
  • both become engorged with blood during sexual stimulation
  • both are formed from erectile tissue
  • both have sensitive glans
  • both supplied by internal pedundal artery
90
Q

name the thin sheet-like membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening

A

the hymen

91
Q

where is the urinary meatus located?

A
  • posterior to the clitoris
  • anterior to vaginal opening
  • in vestibule
92
Q

where is the vaginal opening located?

A
  • posterior to opening of the urethra

- in vestibule, flanked by labia minora

93
Q

what is the function of the urethra orifice?

A

it is a hole that leads to the bladder

where urine passes out of body

1 SUGER (9 decks)

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