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1 SUGER > histology of the pituitary gland, pineal gland, parathyroid gland and endocrine pancreas > Flashcards

histology of the pituitary gland, pineal gland, parathyroid gland and endocrine pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 1 quality all endocrine organs have?

A
  • all have rich vascular supply
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2
Q

do endocrine glands discharge their secretions into ducts or directly into the circulation?

A

all discharge their secretions directly into circulation

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3
Q

which endocrine glands are NOT epithelial?

A

posterior pituitary

pineal

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4
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland made of?

A

it is a down growth of hypothalamus

neural tissue containing axons and glial cells

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5
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete?

where is this hormone produced?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

produced in hypothalamus

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6
Q

what are the specialised glial cells within the epithelium of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

pituicytes

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7
Q

what are the top 3 most common types of pituicyte within the epithelium of the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. somatotrophs (50%)
  2. lactotrophs
  3. corticotrophs
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8
Q

what hormone does somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A

growth hormone

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9
Q

what hormone does lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A

prolactin

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10
Q

what features of the lactotroph cells make them identifiable?

A

-

- recognised by cytoplasm having extending processes wrapping round other cells

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11
Q

what is the least common cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

thyrotrophs

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12
Q

where is the pineal gland located?

A

on posterior end of the corpus callousum in brain

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13
Q

what is the identifiable feature of the neural tissue of the pineal gland?

A

made of lobles of pinealocytes arranged in rosettes

has brain sand along edges

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14
Q

what is the brain sand of the pineal gland?

A
  • accumulation of calcium along the edges

- increases with age

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15
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

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16
Q

what are the 2 identifiable feature of the epithelial tissue of the thyroid gland?

A
  1. the colloid (circular spaces between the follicular epithelial cells)
  2. the presence of calcium oxidate crystals
17
Q

what hormone is produced by the thyroid gland?

A
  • thyroxine

- calcitonin (by C cells)

18
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?

A

parathyroid hormone, PTH

involved in calcium homeostasis

19
Q

what are the 3 types of cell within the parathyroid gland?

which is the functional cell?

A
  1. chief cells - functional cells
  2. oxyphils
  3. adipocytes
20
Q

what are the 2 identifiable features of the epithelial tissue of the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. scant cytoplasm

2. NO calcium oxidate crystals

21
Q

what structures make up the endocrine pancreas epithelium?

A

the isle of langerhans

22
Q

what are the 5 hormones secreted by the isle of langerhans?

A
  1. insulin
  2. glucagon
  3. somatostatin
  4. pancreatic polypeptide
  5. grelin
23
Q

INSULIN:

  • which cells produce it within the isle of langerhans of the pancreas?
  • what is its action?
A
  • secreted by beta cells

- lowers blood glucose conc

24
Q

GLUCAGON

  • which cells produce it within the isle of langerhans of the pancreas?
  • what is its action?
A
  • secreted by alpha cells

raises blood glucose by making liver break down glycogen (hepatic glycogenolysis)

25
Q

SOMATOSTATIN

  • which cells produce it within the isle of langerhans of the pancreas?
  • what is its action?
A
  • secreted by delta cells

- surpasses gastric acid secretion

26
Q

PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE

  • which cells produce it within the isle of langerhans of the pancreas?
  • what is its action?
A
  1. secreted by PP cells

2. delayed gastric emptying

27
Q

GRELIN

  • which cells produce it within the isle of langerhans of the pancreas?
  • what is its action?
A

secreted by epsilon cells

increases appetite

28
Q

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

remembre GFR

  1. Zona glomeruluosa
  2. Zona Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
29
Q

what does the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Zona glomeruluosa

  • alderstone (mineralocorticoids)
30
Q

what does the middle layer of the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Zona Fasciculata

  • secretes glucocorticoids eg. cortisol
31
Q

what does the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Zona Reticularis

secretes androgenic steroids

32
Q

what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

33
Q

what is the only endocrine organ to receive its blood supply for a portal supply?

A

anterior pituitary

1 SUGER (9 decks)

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