Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1 SUGER > SUGER: anatomy and histology of the kidney and adrenal glands > Flashcards

SUGER: anatomy and histology of the kidney and adrenal glands Flashcards

1
Q

where is the left kidney located?

A

T11-L2

retro-peritoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is the right kidney located?

A

T12-L3
(lower due to presence of the liver)
retro-peritoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the deepest fascia layer covering the kidney

A

the renal capsule (touch fibrous capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is the perineal and paraneal fat?

A

perineal fat -
in between capsule and main fascia layer (2nd deepest layer)

paraneal fat-
superficial layer on posterolateral aspect of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the renal fascia? what is it also known as?

A

= Gerota’s fascia/perirenal fascia

a layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys and the adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the renal columns?

A

columns in between the renal pyramids

in the cortex of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what structures compose the renal cortex?

A
  • renal corpuscles
  • the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
  • medullary rays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the medullary rays?

where are they found within the kidney?

A
  • specialised areas

- within cortex of kidney (near outer border, close to renal capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what structures do the medullary rays contain?

A
  • a collection of loops of henle and collecting ducts

- from nephrons that have their renal corpsecules in outer parts of the cortex (close to renal capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why are medullary rays named so if they are located in the cortex not medulla?

A

because they transport substances into the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are the medullary rays orientated?

A

radially orientated tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the inner part of the kidney formed from?

A

inner part = medulla + calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what shapes is the medulla arranged in?

A

inverted pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are the renal papilla?

A

at the end of the renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are the renal calyces?

A

allow urine to drain from renal pyramids into the renal pelvis (via renal papilla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the difference between minor and major calyx?

A

minor connect to base of pyramids (renal papillae)

minors merge to form a major

major are bigger, and merge to form the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the pathway of urine from the cortex of the kidney to the ureters?

A

urine drains from:

  • produced in collecting ducts
  • travels down the renal pyramids
  • through renal papilla at bases
  • enter a minor calyx
  • goes to a major calyx
  • to the renal pelvis
  • to the ureter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what structure is located on the medial border of the kidney and is where the renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureter enter/exit the kidney?

A

the renal hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the arterial supply to the kidneys?

A
  • L&R renal arteries

- from abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

A

L&R renal veins

- drain directly into IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which renal vein (L or R) is bigger? why?

A

LEFT renal is bigger than right

because drains blood from left adrenal vein and left gonadal vein as well as left kidney

right only drains right kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are nephrons?

A

= functional units of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are nephrons responsible for?

A

filtering blood

  • reabsorbing the necessary water and solutes
  • secreting and excreting waste products as urine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what parts of the nephron are in the cortex of the kidney?

A

renal corpuscle (the filter)
PCT
DCT
part of collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the parts of the renal corpsecule?
- a glomerulus | - a bowmans capsule
26
what is a glomerulus?
a tuft of capillaries surrounded by bowmans capsule has the filtration barrier
27
what is the glomerular filtration barrier made of? (4)
- capillary endothelial cells - Glomerular BM - Podocytes - mesangial cells (lie in between capillaries)
28
where are the glomeruli found?
cortex | NOT medulla
29
what structures compose the renal medulla?
- tubules orientated radially - vessels - loops of henley - collecting ducts
30
how do you describe a tuft of capillaries that make up a glomerulus?
- convoluted - fenestrated (leaky) - have many capillary endothelial cells - has mesangial cells in between
31
which histological stain shows the glomerular basement membrane?
period acid shift stain
32
what do the thin foot processes of podocytes do in the glomerulus?
create the podocyte slit membrane - foot processes interdigitate along the BM - leave small gaps - so filtrate can pass through BM
33
what is the role of the mesangial cells in the glomerulus?
- they create a matrix called the mesangium - supports the glomerular capillary loops - plays a role in tuboglomeruluar feedback and GFR
34
how many layers is the glomerular basement membrane?
- 2 layers - essentially 2 BM back-to-back - capillary layer + podocyte layer
35
what is the charge of the glomerular basement membrane? why is this important?
negative so repels negative ions
36
what is the JGA?
the juxtaglomerular apparatus
37
where is the JGA located in a nephron ?
next to glomerulus in between the afferent arterioles and the distal convoluted tubule
38
what 3 cell types make up the JGA?
1. granular cells 2. the Macula Densa 3. lacis cells
39
what are granular cells? | where are they found?
aka. the Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) - specialised smooth muscle cells - in the walls of the afferent arterioles that deliver blood to the glomerulus.
40
what is the role of the granular cells in the JGA?
to sense BP | + secrete renin when low BP
41
what are the macula densa? | where are they found?
- they are a patch of closely packed endothelial cells - along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) - next to the glomerulus
42
what is the role of the macula densa?
- they sense NaCL concentration and regulate tubuloglomerular feedback - interact with granular cells to cause renin secretion
43
what are the lacis cells of the JGA? | where are they found?
= tiny cells at base of gloemulus no identified role
44
what is the epithelium that makes up the proximal convoluted tubules? (PCT)
simple cuboidal epithelium
45
what features make the epithelium of the PCT identifiable?
- central and round nuclei | - prominent brush border
46
what is the role of the PCT?
- to actively transport ions from glomerular filtrate | - at PCT, there is reabsorption of NaCl, protein, polypeptides, AAs, glucose
47
which parts of the loop of henle are thick/thin?
3 segments 1. thin descending limb 2. thin ascending limb 3. thick ascending limb
48
what is the epithelium of the THIN segment of the loop of henle?
simple squamous epithelium has a rich vasa recta in between cells
49
what is the epithelium of the THICK segment of the loop of henle?
cuboidal epithelium has a rich vasa recta in between cells
50
what is the epithelium of the DCT?
simple cuboidal epithelium
51
what are the similarities between the epithelium of the PCT and the DCT?
- both simple cuboidal - both are rich in mitochondria - both are eosinophilic
52
how do you tell the difference between the epithelium of the PCT and the DCT?
- DCT is shorter | - PCT has a brush border but DCT has no microvilli
53
what is the role of the DCT?
- it regulates acid/base concentration (by secreting H+ and absorbing HCO3-) - regulates Na (exchanges with K)
54
what are the identifiable features of the epithelium of the collecting duct?
- cuboidal | - round central nuclei
55
what does the collecting duct do?
plays role in: - water reabsorbition, - Na balance - acid/base balance
56
what 2 types of epithelial cell does the collecting duct have?
the principal cells | the intercalated cells
57
what are principal cells?
- within collecting duct | - respond to ADH and aldosterone
58
how do principal cells in the collecting ducts respond to Aldosterone ?
- they absorb Na+ | - they excrete K+
59
how do principal cells in the collecting ducts respond to ADH? (antidiuretic hormone)
- ADH binds to receptors on principal cells - it increases no. aquaporin-2 channels on cell membrane - these increases water permeability of these cells - allows water to leave nephron and be reabsorbed into blood plasma - decreases urine vol
60
what do the intercalated cells in the collecting ducts do?
involved in acid base balance exchanges H+ for HCO3-
61
what vessels supply blood to glomerulus?
afferent arterioles
62
what vessels transport blood out of the renal corpsucule ?
efferent arterioles
63
what is the role of the renal pelvis?
collecting ducts in medulla drain urine into renal pelvis pelvis transports this filtrate to ureters
64
what is urothelium?
specialised multilayered epithelium found in the collection and drainage parts of the urinary tract
65
what is the single surface layer of urothelium made of ?
umbrella cells - large and dome shaped
66
how Is the umbrella cell layer of urothelium urine proof?
- tight junctions between cells precent urine passing through
67
how is urothelium structure suited to expansion ?
made of pseudo stratified layers of polygonal cells and these can expand easily (except for surface layer)
68
where is the right adrenal gland?
- close to upper pole of right kidney - in a separate envelope of renal fascia - lies behind liver and IVC
69
where is the left adrenal gland?
- close to upper pole of left kidney - in a separate envelope of renal fascia - lies behind the stomach and pancreas
70
what shape is the right adrenal gland?
tetrahedral
71
what shape is the left adrenal gland?
crescent shaped
72
what is the arterial supply to the adrenal glands?
``` superior adrenal -off inferior phrenic artery middle adrenal - off aorta inferior adrenal -off renal artery ```
73
what is the venous drainage to the adrenal glands?
R.adrenal vein → direct into IVC | L.adrenal vein → into renal vein → IVC
74
what are the 2 sections of the adrenal glands?
- outer cortex | - inner medulla
75
what is the role of the cortex of the adrenal glans?
to produce steroid hormones
76
give 3 examples of steroid hormones
cortisol aldosterone testosterone
77
what is the role of the medulla of the adrenal glans?
to produce adrenaline

1 SUGER (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions