SUGER anatomy

Question 1

what is contained in the male and female inguinal canal?

Answer 1

• male- spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve

- female- round ligament and ilioinguinal nerve

Question 2

what is the round ligament?

Answer 2

embryonic remnant of gubernaculum- originates at uterine horns and attaches to labia majora

Question 3

what are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal?

Answer 3

• Deep (internal) ring- found above midpoint of inguinal ligament- created by transversalis fascia
• Superficial (external) ring- marks end of inguinal canal, triangle-shaped opening- formed by evagination of external oblique

Question 4

what 3 layers cover the spermatic cord?

Answer 4

• external spermatic fascia
• cremaster muscle
• internal spermatic fascia

Question 5

what is the epididymis?

Answer 5

storage reservoir for sperm

Question 6

what vertebrae to the kidneys extend to and from?

Answer 6

T12 to L3

Question 7

what is the position of the kidneys relative to the peritoneum?

Answer 7

extraperitoneal and retroperitoneal

Question 8

what separates the kidneys from the adrenal glands?

Answer 8

perirenal fat

Question 9

what is the shape of the right adrenal gland?

Answer 9

tetrahedral

Question 10

what is the shape of the left adrenal gland?

Answer 10

crescent-shaped

Question 11

what are the 3 layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland and what does each layer produce?

Answer 11

• zone glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone
• zone fasciculata- corticosteroids such as cortisol
• zone reticularis- androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 12

what does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete?

Answer 12

catecholamines- e.g. adrenaline

Question 13

what are the 4 main muscles found on the posterior abdominal wall?

Answer 13

• quadratus lumborum
• psoas major
• psoas minor
• iliacus

Question 14

which muscles form the iliopsoas muscle?

Answer 14

• iliacus and psoas major

- forms a connection between posterior abdominal wall and femur- so can flex the leg or the trunk

Question 15

what vertebrae does the lumbar plexus arise from?

Answer 15

T12 to L5

Question 16

what are the 6 main branches arising from the lumbar plexus?

Answer 16

• iliohypogastric
• ilioinguinal
• genitofemoral
• lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
• femoral
• obturator

Question 17

what forms the trigone on the bladder?

Answer 17

2 ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice

Question 18

what muscle controls micturition?

Answer 18

detrusor muscle

Question 19

what is the difference between the male and female internal urethral sphincter?

Answer 19

• male- consists of smooth fibres under autonomic control

- female- functional sphincter- contains no muscle

Question 20

where does the medial umbilical ligament arise from?

Answer 20

apex of the bladder

Question 21

what is the position of the uterus?

Answer 21

• anteverted

- anteflexed

Question 22

how does the uterus communicate with the uterine cavity and the vagina?

Answer 22

• uterine cavity via internal os

- vagina via external os

Question 23

where do the cardinal ligaments run to and from?

Answer 23

lateral wall of Cervix to lateral pelvic side wall- at the base of the broad ligament

Question 24

what is the broad ligament?

Answer 24

double layer of peritoneum attaching the sides of the uterus to the pelvis- acts as a mesentery for the uterus (maintains its position)

Question 25

which part of the uterine tube surrounds the ovary?

Answer 25

fimbriae (finger-like projections extending from the infundibulum)

Question 26

what are the 4 parts of the uterine tube- from ovary to uterine cavity?

Answer 26

• fimbrae
• infundibulum
• ampulla
• isthmus

Question 27

what attaches the ovaries to the posterior of the broad ligament?

Answer 27

mesovarium

Question 28

what muscles are located near the vaginal orifice?

Answer 28

bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus

Question 29

what is mons pubis?

Answer 29

rounded, hair bearing elevation of the skin located at the front of pubic symphysis

Question 30

how many bundles of erectile tissue comprise the clitoris?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

at what point does ductus deferens terminate?

Answer 31

when it joins the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

Question 32

where does the ejaculatory duct drain?

Answer 32

prostatic urethra

Question 33

where is the prostate situated?

Answer 33

inferior to the neck of the bladder and superiorly to the external urethral sphincter

Question 34

what are the 3 erectile sphincters?

Answer 34

• corpus spongiosum

- paired corpora cavernosa

Question 35

what is the bulb of the penis covered by?

Answer 35

expanded bulbospongiosus muscles

Question 36

what is each crus of the penis covered by?

Answer 36

ischiocavernosus muscle

Question 37

where does the Male urethra pass to and from?

Answer 37

from the internal urethral meatus of the bladder to the external urethral meatus of glans penis

Question 38

what are the functions of the pelvic floor muscles?

Answer 38

• support of the abdominopelvic viscera
• resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/ abdominal pressure
• fecal continence

Question 39

what are the main muscles found on the pelvic floor?

Answer 39

• levator ani

- coccygeus

Question 40

what are the boundaries of the UG triangle?

Answer 40

• pubic symphysis, ischiopubic rami, line between 2 ischial tuberosities

Question 41

what are the layers of the urogenital triangle from deep to superficial?

Answer 41

• deep perineal pouch
• perineal membrane
• superficial perineal pouch
• perineal fascia
• skin

Question 42

what is contained within the superficial perineal pouch?

Answer 42

• Superficial perineal pouch contains erectile tissues along with 3 muscles- ischocavernosus, bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles