respiratory anatomy

Question 1

how many pairs of external intercostal muscles are there?

Answer 1

11

Question 2

what direction do the fibres of the external intercostals run in?

Answer 2

inferoanteriorly

Question 3

what are the external intercostals continuous with?

Answer 3

external obliques of the abdomen

Question 4

what is the function of the external intercostals?

Answer 4

elevate the ribs to increase thoracic volume

Question 5

what direction do the fibres of the internal intercostals run in?

Answer 5

inferoposteriorly

Question 6

what is the function of the internal intercostals?

Answer 6

reduce thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage

Question 7

what separates the innermost intercostals from the internal intercostals?

Answer 7

intercostal neuromuscular bundles

Question 8

what is the function of the innermost intercostals?

Answer 8

depress the ribcage

Question 9

what does the transversus thoracis attach to?

Answer 9

costal cartilages of ribs 2-6

Question 10

what nerves innervate the external, internal and innermost intercostals along w/ transversus thoracis and subcostals?

Answer 10

intercostal nerves TI- TXI

Question 11

what are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 11

• superiorly- hyoid bone
• laterally- anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
• medially- saggiato line down midline of neck

Question 12

what are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 12

• stylohyoid
• digastric
• mylohyoid
• geniohyoid

Question 13

what is the function and innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?

Answer 13

• function- initiates swallowing- by pulling on hyoid bone

- innervation- stylohyoid branch of facial nerve

Question 14

which suprahyoid muscle has 2 muscular bellies?

Answer 14

digastric

Question 15

what is the function and innervation of the digastric muscle?

Answer 15

• depresses mandible and elevates hyoid bone

- innervated by branch of mandibular nerve

Question 16

what does the mylohyoid bone form?

Answer 16

floor of the oral cavity

Question 17

what is the function and innervation of mylohyoid?

Answer 17

• elevate hyoid bone and floor of mouth

- innervated by branch of mandibular nerve

Question 18

what bone does geniohyoid originate from?

Answer 18

mandible

Question 19

what is the function and innervation of geniohyoid?

Answer 19

• depresses mandible, elevates hyoid bone

- innervated by C1 nerve roots in hypoglossal nerve

Question 20

what are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 20

• omohyoid
• sternohyoid
• thyrohyoid
• sternothyroid

Question 21

what are the 2 infrahyoid muscles in the superficial plane?

Answer 21

• omohyoid

- sternohyoid

Question 22

what are the functions and innervations of the superficial infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 22

• depress hyoid bone

- innervate by anterior rami of C1-C3

Question 23

what are the 2 infrahyoid muscles in the deep plane?

Answer 23

• sternothyroid

- thyrohyoid

Question 24

what is the function and innervation of sternothyroid?

Answer 24

• depresses thyroid cartilage

- innervated by anterior rami of C1-C3

Question 25

what is the function and innervation of thyrohyoid?

Answer 25

- depresses hyoid bone | - innervated by anterior ramus of C1

Question 26

what cranial nerves are found within the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 26

CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII

Question 27

where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

Answer 27

within the anterior triangle of the neck

Question 28

what are the 2 types of muscle found within the pharynx?

Answer 28

- circular- sup, mid, and inf. pharyngeal constrictor muscles - longitudinal- stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus

Question 29

what are the borders of the 3 sections of the pharynx?

Answer 29

- nasopharynx- base of skull to soft palate - oropharynx- soft palate to epiglottis - laryngopharynx- epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

Question 30

which regions of the pharynx are the pharyngeal constrictors contained within?

Answer 30

- superior constrictor- oropharynx | - middle and inferior constrictor- laryngopharynx

Question 31

which vertebral levels does the larynx run between?

Answer 31

C3-C6

Question 32

what 2 branches of the vagus nerve innervate the larynx?

Answer 32

- recurrent laryngeal nerve | - superior laryngeal nerve

Question 33

what are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 33

- thyroid (hyaline cartilage) - cricoid (hyaline cartilage) - epiglottis (elastic cartilage)

Question 34

what are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 34

- arytenoid (sit on cricoid) - corniculate (articulate w/ arytenoid) - cuneiform (located in Ary-epiglottic folds, no direct attachment)

Question 35

what are the main extrinsic laryngeal ligaments?

Answer 35

- median and lateral thryohyoid - hyoid-epiglottic - cricotracheal - medial cricothyroid

Question 36

what are the 2 intrinsic laryngeal ligaments?

Answer 36

- cricothyroid | - quadrangular

Question 37

what is the space between the vocal folds known as?

Answer 37

Rima glottidis

Question 38

where are the vestibular folds found and what is their function?

Answer 38

- superiorly to true vocal cords | - fixes- provide protection to larynx

Question 39

what vertebral levels does the thyroid gland run between?

Answer 39

C5-T1

Question 40

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 40

- warm and humidify inspired air - removes and traps pathogens from inspired air - sense of smell - drains and clears paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

Question 41

what are the 4 pathways air can flow in the nasal cavity and what forms them?

Answer 41

- inferior, superior and middle meatus along w/ sphene-ethmoidal recess - formed by superior, medial and inferior conchae

Question 42

what do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

Answer 42

nasal cavity

Question 43

wha do the frontal, maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses open into?

Answer 43

- middle meatus | - opening marked by semilunar hiatus

Question 44

what do the middle ethmoidal sinuses empty into?

Answer 44

ethmoidal bulla

Question 45

at what level do the posterior ethmoidal sinuses open?

Answer 45

at the level of the superior meatus

Question 46

what is the only sinus not to empty on to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and where does this sinus drain?

Answer 46

- sphenoid sinus | - drains onto posterior roof

Question 47

where does the auditory tube open into the nasopharynx at?

Answer 47

- at the level of the inferior meatus | - allows middle ear to equalise w/ atmospheric pressure