respiratory anatomy Flashcards
how many pairs of external intercostal muscles are there?
11
what direction do the fibres of the external intercostals run in?
inferoanteriorly
what are the external intercostals continuous with?
external obliques of the abdomen
what is the function of the external intercostals?
elevate the ribs to increase thoracic volume
what direction do the fibres of the internal intercostals run in?
inferoposteriorly
what is the function of the internal intercostals?
reduce thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage
what separates the innermost intercostals from the internal intercostals?
intercostal neuromuscular bundles
what is the function of the innermost intercostals?
depress the ribcage
what does the transversus thoracis attach to?
costal cartilages of ribs 2-6
what nerves innervate the external, internal and innermost intercostals along w/ transversus thoracis and subcostals?
intercostal nerves TI- TXI
what are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?
- superiorly- hyoid bone
- laterally- anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
- medially- saggiato line down midline of neck
what are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?
- stylohyoid
- digastric
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
what is the function and innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?
- function- initiates swallowing- by pulling on hyoid bone
- innervation- stylohyoid branch of facial nerve
which suprahyoid muscle has 2 muscular bellies?
digastric
what is the function and innervation of the digastric muscle?
- depresses mandible and elevates hyoid bone
- innervated by branch of mandibular nerve
what does the mylohyoid bone form?
floor of the oral cavity
what is the function and innervation of mylohyoid?
- elevate hyoid bone and floor of mouth
- innervated by branch of mandibular nerve
what bone does geniohyoid originate from?
mandible
what is the function and innervation of geniohyoid?
- depresses mandible, elevates hyoid bone
- innervated by C1 nerve roots in hypoglossal nerve
what are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
- thyrohyoid
- sternothyroid
what are the 2 infrahyoid muscles in the superficial plane?
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
what are the functions and innervations of the superficial infrahyoid muscles?
- depress hyoid bone
- innervate by anterior rami of C1-C3
what are the 2 infrahyoid muscles in the deep plane?
- sternothyroid
- thyrohyoid
what is the function and innervation of sternothyroid?
- depresses thyroid cartilage
- innervated by anterior rami of C1-C3
what is the function and innervation of thyrohyoid?
- depresses hyoid bone
- innervated by anterior ramus of C1
what cranial nerves are found within the anterior triangle of the neck?
CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
within the anterior triangle of the neck
what are the 2 types of muscle found within the pharynx?
- circular- sup, mid, and inf. pharyngeal constrictor muscles
- longitudinal- stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
what are the borders of the 3 sections of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx- base of skull to soft palate
- oropharynx- soft palate to epiglottis
- laryngopharynx- epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
which regions of the pharynx are the pharyngeal constrictors contained within?
- superior constrictor- oropharynx
- middle and inferior constrictor- laryngopharynx
which vertebral levels does the larynx run between?
C3-C6
what 2 branches of the vagus nerve innervate the larynx?
- recurrent laryngeal nerve
- superior laryngeal nerve
what are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
- thyroid (hyaline cartilage)
- cricoid (hyaline cartilage)
- epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
what are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?
- arytenoid (sit on cricoid)
- corniculate (articulate w/ arytenoid)
- cuneiform (located in Ary-epiglottic folds, no direct attachment)
what are the main extrinsic laryngeal ligaments?
- median and lateral thryohyoid
- hyoid-epiglottic
- cricotracheal
- medial cricothyroid
what are the 2 intrinsic laryngeal ligaments?
- cricothyroid
- quadrangular
what is the space between the vocal folds known as?
Rima glottidis
where are the vestibular folds found and what is their function?
- superiorly to true vocal cords
- fixes- provide protection to larynx
what vertebral levels does the thyroid gland run between?
C5-T1
what are the functions of the nasal cavity?
- warm and humidify inspired air
- removes and traps pathogens from inspired air
- sense of smell
- drains and clears paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
what are the 4 pathways air can flow in the nasal cavity and what forms them?
- inferior, superior and middle meatus along w/ sphene-ethmoidal recess
- formed by superior, medial and inferior conchae
what do the paranasal sinuses drain into?
nasal cavity
wha do the frontal, maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses open into?
- middle meatus
- opening marked by semilunar hiatus
what do the middle ethmoidal sinuses empty into?
ethmoidal bulla
at what level do the posterior ethmoidal sinuses open?
at the level of the superior meatus
what is the only sinus not to empty on to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and where does this sinus drain?
- sphenoid sinus
- drains onto posterior roof
where does the auditory tube open into the nasopharynx at?
- at the level of the inferior meatus
- allows middle ear to equalise w/ atmospheric pressure
