NEURO- things I need to learn Flashcards
what connects Brocas area to Wernickes area?
arcuate fasciculus
what type of white matter fibre interconnects cortical sites within one cerebral hemisphere?
association fibres
what are commissural fibres?
run from one cerebral hemisphere to another, connecting functionally related structures
what are projection fibres?
pass between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures such as the thalamus, striatum, brainstem and spinal cord
what does the foramen of Magendie drain into?
cisterna Magna
what does the foramen of Luschka drain into?
cerebellopontine cistern
what are the 5 sections of the corpus callosum from anterior to posterior?
rostrum, genu, body, isthmus, splenium
what is contained within the tectum of the midbrain?
superior and inferior colliculi
what is contained within the tegmentum of the midbrain?
periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, substantia nigra
what links the cerebellar peduncles?
interpeduncular fossa
what is crista Galli?
thick, midline, smooth triangular process arising from the superior surface of the ethmoid bone- separates the olfactory bulb and serves as an anterior attachment for falx cerebri
what is area postrema?
- area at the base of the rhomboid fossa, lacks blood-brain barrier
- toxins can enter here- alerts brain of presence for vomiting reflex
where are berry aneurysms most common?
anterior cerebral arteries
what structures pass through the cavernous sinus?
internal carotid artery, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), abducens nerve
how is epineurium formed?
when spinal nerves exit they pierce the dura mater- it fuses with the outer connective tissue of the nerve
what are thickenings of the Pia mater called, where are they found and what is there function?
- denticulate ligaments
- arise between nerve roots of the spinal cord
- attach to the arachnoid mater- suspends the spinal cord in the vertebral canal
what epithelium surrounds the chorioid plexus?
simple cuboidal epithelium
what are the signs of cerebellar dysfunction?
Dysdiachokinesia Ataxia Nystagmus Intention temor Slurred speech Hypotonia
where do the optic nerves terminate?
optic chiasm
where do the optic tracts arise from and terminate?
arise from optic chiasm, terminate at lateral geniculate body
where do the optic radiations arise from and terminate?
arise from lateral geniculate body, terminate at primary visual cortex
what are the 2 types of optic radiations?
- Meyers loop- superior visual field (inferior fibres)
- Baums loop- inferior visual field (superior fibres)
what are the 3 layers of the eyeball?
- fibrous
- vascular
- inner layer
what is contained within the fibrous layer?
- sclera (attachment for extra ocular muscles)
- cornea
what is contained within the vascular layer?
- choroid layer (connective tissue and blood vessels)
- ciliary body (controls shape of lens)
- iris (circular structure w/ aperture at centre- pupil)
what are the 2 layers of the retina?
- neural- photoreceptors
- pigmented- supports neural layer
what is the function of the pyramidal tracts?
voluntary control of musculature of body and face
what is the function of the extrapyramidal tracts?
responsible for involuntary and autonomic control of all musculature- muscle tone, balance, posture and locomotion
what is the corticospinal tract?
- pyramidal tract
- supplies musculature of body
what is the corticobulbar tract and where to its neurones terminate?
- pyramidal tract
- supplies musculature of head and neck
- neurones terminate on motor nuclei of cranial nerves
which 2 extrapyramidal tracts do not decussate?
- vestibulospinal
- reticulospinal
what is the function of the vestibulospinal tract and where does it originate from?
- balance and posture
- originates from vestibular nuclei
what is the function of the lateral reticulospinal tract and where does it originate from?
- inhibits voluntary movements and reduces muscle tone
- originates from medulla oblongata
what is the function of the medial reticulospinal tract and where does it originate from?
- facilitates voluntary movement and increases muscle tone
- originates from pons
which 2 extrapyramidal tracts do not decussate?
- rubrospinal
- tectospinal
what is the function of the rubrospinal tract and where does it originate from?
- fine control of hand movements
- originates from red nucleus
what is the function of the tectospinal tract and where does it originate from?
- coordinates movement of head in relation to visual stimuli
- originates from superior colliculi
which of the ascending pathways are conscious?
- dorsal column- medial lemniscus pathway
- spinothalamic pathway (anterolateral system)
which of the ascending pathways are unconscious?
spinocerebellar
what does the DCML convey?
sensation of fine touch, vibration and proprioception
what pathway to neurones from the upper limb travel in in DCML?
cuneate fasciclus
where do the first order neurones of the DCML synapse?
on their retrospective nuclei (gracile/ cuneate nuclei) of the medulla oblongata
what is the pathway of the second order neurones of the DCML?
- arise from gracile and cuneate nuclei
- decussate as the internal arcuate fibres
- travel in contralateral medial lemniscus
- synapse on ventral postero-lateral nucleus of the thalamus
what sensations are carried by the anterolateral system?
- anterior- crude touch and pressure
- lateral- pain and temperature
what is the path of the first order neurones of the anterolateral system?
- arise from sensory receptors
- arise 1-2 vertebral levels
- synapse w/ second order neurones at substantia gelatinosa
where do all the spinocerebellar tracts carry proprioceptive information to?
ipsilateral cerebellum
which of the spinocerebellar tracts decussates twice?
anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar
which of the spinocerebellar tracts carries proprioceptive info from the lower limb?
- posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar
- anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar
which of the spinocerebellar tracts carries proprioceptive info from the upper limb?
- cuneocerebellar
- rostral spinocerebellar
which of the spinocerebellar tracts passes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
- posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar
- cuneocerebellar
- rostral spinocerebellar
which of the spinocerebellar tracts passes from the superior cerebellar peduncle?
anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar
