NEURO- things I need to learn

Question 1

what connects Brocas area to Wernickes area?

Answer 1

arcuate fasciculus

Question 2

what type of white matter fibre interconnects cortical sites within one cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 2

association fibres

Question 3

what are commissural fibres?

Answer 3

run from one cerebral hemisphere to another, connecting functionally related structures

Question 4

what are projection fibres?

Answer 4

pass between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures such as the thalamus, striatum, brainstem and spinal cord

Question 5

what does the foramen of Magendie drain into?

Answer 5

cisterna Magna

Question 6

what does the foramen of Luschka drain into?

Answer 6

cerebellopontine cistern

Question 7

what are the 5 sections of the corpus callosum from anterior to posterior?

Answer 7

rostrum, genu, body, isthmus, splenium

Question 8

what is contained within the tectum of the midbrain?

Answer 8

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 9

what is contained within the tegmentum of the midbrain?

Answer 9

periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, substantia nigra

Question 10

what links the cerebellar peduncles?

Answer 10

interpeduncular fossa

Question 11

what is crista Galli?

Answer 11

thick, midline, smooth triangular process arising from the superior surface of the ethmoid bone- separates the olfactory bulb and serves as an anterior attachment for falx cerebri

Question 12

what is area postrema?

Answer 12

• area at the base of the rhomboid fossa, lacks blood-brain barrier
• toxins can enter here- alerts brain of presence for vomiting reflex

Question 13

where are berry aneurysms most common?

Answer 13

anterior cerebral arteries

Question 14

what structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

Answer 14

internal carotid artery, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), abducens nerve

Question 15

how is epineurium formed?

Answer 15

when spinal nerves exit they pierce the dura mater- it fuses with the outer connective tissue of the nerve

Question 16

what are thickenings of the Pia mater called, where are they found and what is there function?

Answer 16

• denticulate ligaments
• arise between nerve roots of the spinal cord
• attach to the arachnoid mater- suspends the spinal cord in the vertebral canal

Question 17

what epithelium surrounds the chorioid plexus?

Answer 17

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 18

what are the signs of cerebellar dysfunction?

Answer 18

Dysdiachokinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention temor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia

Question 19

where do the optic nerves terminate?

Answer 19

optic chiasm

Question 20

where do the optic tracts arise from and terminate?

Answer 20

arise from optic chiasm, terminate at lateral geniculate body

Question 21

where do the optic radiations arise from and terminate?

Answer 21

arise from lateral geniculate body, terminate at primary visual cortex

Question 22

what are the 2 types of optic radiations?

Answer 22

• Meyers loop- superior visual field (inferior fibres)

- Baums loop- inferior visual field (superior fibres)

Question 23

what are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

Answer 23

• fibrous
• vascular
• inner layer

Question 24

what is contained within the fibrous layer?

Answer 24

• sclera (attachment for extra ocular muscles)

- cornea

Question 25

what is contained within the vascular layer?

Answer 25

- choroid layer (connective tissue and blood vessels) - ciliary body (controls shape of lens) - iris (circular structure w/ aperture at centre- pupil)

Question 26

what are the 2 layers of the retina?

Answer 26

- neural- photoreceptors | - pigmented- supports neural layer

Question 27

what is the function of the pyramidal tracts?

Answer 27

voluntary control of musculature of body and face

Question 28

what is the function of the extrapyramidal tracts?

Answer 28

responsible for involuntary and autonomic control of all musculature- muscle tone, balance, posture and locomotion

Question 29

what is the corticospinal tract?

Answer 29

- pyramidal tract | - supplies musculature of body

Question 30

what is the corticobulbar tract and where to its neurones terminate?

Answer 30

- pyramidal tract - supplies musculature of head and neck - neurones terminate on motor nuclei of cranial nerves

Question 31

which 2 extrapyramidal tracts do not decussate?

Answer 31

- vestibulospinal | - reticulospinal

Question 32

what is the function of the vestibulospinal tract and where does it originate from?

Answer 32

- balance and posture | - originates from vestibular nuclei

Question 33

what is the function of the lateral reticulospinal tract and where does it originate from?

Answer 33

- inhibits voluntary movements and reduces muscle tone | - originates from medulla oblongata

Question 34

what is the function of the medial reticulospinal tract and where does it originate from?

Answer 34

- facilitates voluntary movement and increases muscle tone | - originates from pons

Question 35

which 2 extrapyramidal tracts do not decussate?

Answer 35

- rubrospinal | - tectospinal

Question 36

what is the function of the rubrospinal tract and where does it originate from?

Answer 36

- fine control of hand movements | - originates from red nucleus

Question 37

what is the function of the tectospinal tract and where does it originate from?

Answer 37

- coordinates movement of head in relation to visual stimuli | - originates from superior colliculi

Question 38

which of the ascending pathways are conscious?

Answer 38

- dorsal column- medial lemniscus pathway | - spinothalamic pathway (anterolateral system)

Question 39

which of the ascending pathways are unconscious?

Answer 39

spinocerebellar

Question 40

what does the DCML convey?

Answer 40

sensation of fine touch, vibration and proprioception

Question 41

what pathway to neurones from the upper limb travel in in DCML?

Answer 41

cuneate fasciclus

Question 42

where do the first order neurones of the DCML synapse?

Answer 42

on their retrospective nuclei (gracile/ cuneate nuclei) of the medulla oblongata

Question 43

what is the pathway of the second order neurones of the DCML?

Answer 43

- arise from gracile and cuneate nuclei - decussate as the internal arcuate fibres - travel in contralateral medial lemniscus - synapse on ventral postero-lateral nucleus of the thalamus

Question 44

what sensations are carried by the anterolateral system?

Answer 44

- anterior- crude touch and pressure | - lateral- pain and temperature

Question 45

what is the path of the first order neurones of the anterolateral system?

Answer 45

- arise from sensory receptors - arise 1-2 vertebral levels - synapse w/ second order neurones at substantia gelatinosa

Question 46

where do all the spinocerebellar tracts carry proprioceptive information to?

Answer 46

ipsilateral cerebellum

Question 47

which of the spinocerebellar tracts decussates twice?

Answer 47

anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar

Question 48

which of the spinocerebellar tracts carries proprioceptive info from the lower limb?

Answer 48

- posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar | - anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar

Question 49

which of the spinocerebellar tracts carries proprioceptive info from the upper limb?

Answer 49

- cuneocerebellar | - rostral spinocerebellar

Question 50

which of the spinocerebellar tracts passes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 50

- posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar - cuneocerebellar - rostral spinocerebellar

Question 51

which of the spinocerebellar tracts passes from the superior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 51

anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar