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Nicks phase 1 flashcards > NEURO- things I need to learn > Flashcards

NEURO- things I need to learn Flashcards

1
Q

what connects Brocas area to Wernickes area?

A

arcuate fasciculus

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2
Q

what type of white matter fibre interconnects cortical sites within one cerebral hemisphere?

A

association fibres

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3
Q

what are commissural fibres?

A

run from one cerebral hemisphere to another, connecting functionally related structures

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4
Q

what are projection fibres?

A

pass between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures such as the thalamus, striatum, brainstem and spinal cord

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5
Q

what does the foramen of Magendie drain into?

A

cisterna Magna

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6
Q

what does the foramen of Luschka drain into?

A

cerebellopontine cistern

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7
Q

what are the 5 sections of the corpus callosum from anterior to posterior?

A

rostrum, genu, body, isthmus, splenium

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8
Q

what is contained within the tectum of the midbrain?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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9
Q

what is contained within the tegmentum of the midbrain?

A

periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, substantia nigra

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10
Q

what links the cerebellar peduncles?

A

interpeduncular fossa

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11
Q

what is crista Galli?

A

thick, midline, smooth triangular process arising from the superior surface of the ethmoid bone- separates the olfactory bulb and serves as an anterior attachment for falx cerebri

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12
Q

what is area postrema?

A
  • area at the base of the rhomboid fossa, lacks blood-brain barrier
  • toxins can enter here- alerts brain of presence for vomiting reflex
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13
Q

where are berry aneurysms most common?

A

anterior cerebral arteries

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14
Q

what structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A

internal carotid artery, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), abducens nerve

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15
Q

how is epineurium formed?

A

when spinal nerves exit they pierce the dura mater- it fuses with the outer connective tissue of the nerve

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16
Q

what are thickenings of the Pia mater called, where are they found and what is there function?

A
  • denticulate ligaments
  • arise between nerve roots of the spinal cord
  • attach to the arachnoid mater- suspends the spinal cord in the vertebral canal
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17
Q

what epithelium surrounds the chorioid plexus?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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18
Q

what are the signs of cerebellar dysfunction?

A 
Dysdiachokinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention temor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia
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19
Q

where do the optic nerves terminate?

A

optic chiasm

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20
Q

where do the optic tracts arise from and terminate?

A

arise from optic chiasm, terminate at lateral geniculate body

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21
Q

where do the optic radiations arise from and terminate?

A

arise from lateral geniculate body, terminate at primary visual cortex

22
Q

what are the 2 types of optic radiations?

A
  • Meyers loop- superior visual field (inferior fibres)

- Baums loop- inferior visual field (superior fibres)

23
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

A
  • fibrous
  • vascular
  • inner layer
24
Q

what is contained within the fibrous layer?

A
  • sclera (attachment for extra ocular muscles)

- cornea

25
Q

what is contained within the vascular layer?

A
  • choroid layer (connective tissue and blood vessels)
  • ciliary body (controls shape of lens)
  • iris (circular structure w/ aperture at centre- pupil)
26
Q

what are the 2 layers of the retina?

A
  • neural- photoreceptors

- pigmented- supports neural layer

27
Q

what is the function of the pyramidal tracts?

A

voluntary control of musculature of body and face

28
Q

what is the function of the extrapyramidal tracts?

A

responsible for involuntary and autonomic control of all musculature- muscle tone, balance, posture and locomotion

29
Q

what is the corticospinal tract?

A
  • pyramidal tract

- supplies musculature of body

30
Q

what is the corticobulbar tract and where to its neurones terminate?

A
  • pyramidal tract
  • supplies musculature of head and neck
  • neurones terminate on motor nuclei of cranial nerves
31
Q

which 2 extrapyramidal tracts do not decussate?

A
  • vestibulospinal

- reticulospinal

32
Q

what is the function of the vestibulospinal tract and where does it originate from?

A
  • balance and posture

- originates from vestibular nuclei

33
Q

what is the function of the lateral reticulospinal tract and where does it originate from?

A
  • inhibits voluntary movements and reduces muscle tone

- originates from medulla oblongata

34
Q

what is the function of the medial reticulospinal tract and where does it originate from?

A
  • facilitates voluntary movement and increases muscle tone

- originates from pons

35
Q

which 2 extrapyramidal tracts do not decussate?

A
  • rubrospinal

- tectospinal

36
Q

what is the function of the rubrospinal tract and where does it originate from?

A
  • fine control of hand movements

- originates from red nucleus

37
Q

what is the function of the tectospinal tract and where does it originate from?

A
  • coordinates movement of head in relation to visual stimuli

- originates from superior colliculi

38
Q

which of the ascending pathways are conscious?

A
  • dorsal column- medial lemniscus pathway

- spinothalamic pathway (anterolateral system)

39
Q

which of the ascending pathways are unconscious?

A

spinocerebellar

40
Q

what does the DCML convey?

A

sensation of fine touch, vibration and proprioception

41
Q

what pathway to neurones from the upper limb travel in in DCML?

A

cuneate fasciclus

42
Q

where do the first order neurones of the DCML synapse?

A

on their retrospective nuclei (gracile/ cuneate nuclei) of the medulla oblongata

43
Q

what is the pathway of the second order neurones of the DCML?

A
  • arise from gracile and cuneate nuclei
  • decussate as the internal arcuate fibres
  • travel in contralateral medial lemniscus
  • synapse on ventral postero-lateral nucleus of the thalamus
44
Q

what sensations are carried by the anterolateral system?

A
  • anterior- crude touch and pressure

- lateral- pain and temperature

45
Q

what is the path of the first order neurones of the anterolateral system?

A
  • arise from sensory receptors
  • arise 1-2 vertebral levels
  • synapse w/ second order neurones at substantia gelatinosa
46
Q

where do all the spinocerebellar tracts carry proprioceptive information to?

A

ipsilateral cerebellum

47
Q

which of the spinocerebellar tracts decussates twice?

A

anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar

48
Q

which of the spinocerebellar tracts carries proprioceptive info from the lower limb?

A
  • posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar

- anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar

49
Q

which of the spinocerebellar tracts carries proprioceptive info from the upper limb?

A
  • cuneocerebellar

- rostral spinocerebellar

50
Q

which of the spinocerebellar tracts passes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A
  • posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar
  • cuneocerebellar
  • rostral spinocerebellar
51
Q

which of the spinocerebellar tracts passes from the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar

Nicks phase 1 flashcards (16 decks)

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