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Grace Phase 1 > SUGER > Flashcards

SUGER Flashcards

1
Q

2 fundamental layers of the skin

A

dermis

epidermis

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2
Q

epithelium of the epidermis

A

stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

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3
Q

4 main layers of the epidermis

A

germinative layer
spinous/prickle cell layer
granular layer
dead keratinised squames

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4
Q

what granules does the granular layer of the epidermis contain?

A

keratohyaline granules (the precursors of keratin)

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5
Q

which is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

A

spinous layer

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6
Q

2 main layers of the dermis

A

a layer rich in collagen fibres close to the epidermis

a deeper fatty layer

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7
Q

which layer of the skin contains the roots of hairs?

A

dermis

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8
Q

The majority of the cells of the epidermis are…

A

keratinocytes

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9
Q

keratinocytes are derived from stem cells within the ——– layer of the epidermis

A

germinal

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10
Q

what cells are present in the epidermis, other that keratinocytes?

A

melanocytes

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11
Q

which part of the embryo are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest

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12
Q

what do melanocytes do?

A

produce melanin pigment granules

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13
Q

skin colour is proportional to the amount of melanin stored in the…

A

keratinocytes

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14
Q

spinous layer cells are joined together by…

A

desmosomes

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15
Q

what are Langerhan’s cells?

A

antigen detecting cells, part of the immune system of the skin

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16
Q

what do Merkel cells do?

A

convey the sensation of fine touch by forming synapses with nerve fibres in the dermis

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17
Q

name the autonomically innervated smooth muscle that causes hair to stand on end

A

erector pili muscle

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18
Q

which glands lubricate hair follicles?

A

sebaceous glands

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19
Q

what are finger and toenails composed of?

A

compacted keratin

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20
Q

what type of epithelial cells surround the tightly coiled secretory tubule of sweat glands

A

myoepithelial cells

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21
Q

name the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid and the front of the eye

A

conjunctiva

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22
Q

conjunctiva that lines the inside of the eyelid comprises of what type of epithelium?

A

stratified columnar epithelium composed of just 2 layers of cells

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23
Q

name the largest gland in the eyelid, that reduces evaporation from the cornea of the eye

A

Meibomian gland

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24
Q

what do endocrine glands do?

A

secrete hormones into the blood stream for circulation around the body

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25
Q

4 classes of hormones

A

amino acid derivatives
steroids
small peptides
proteins

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26
Q

what type of hormone is adrenaline?

A

amino acid derivative

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27
Q

what type of hormone is testosterone?

A

steroid

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28
Q

what type of hormone is insulin?

A

protein

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29
Q

what type of hormone is vasopressin?

A

small peptide

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30
Q

what is the embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

neuronal origin - it is a down-growth of the brain

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31
Q

the posterior pituitary is attached by the pituitary stalk to the…

A

median eminence of the mid-brain, in the floor of the 3rd ventricle

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32
Q

The posterior pituitary contains nerve endings. Where are the cell bodies of these axons located?

A

in the supra-optic and para-ventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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33
Q

what do the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary secrete into the bloodstream?

A

vasopressin (ADH)

oxytocin

34
Q

what is the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

it is of epithelial origin and is derived from the roof of the primitive gut tube

35
Q

which part of the pituitary gland surrounds the pituitary stalk?

A

anterior pituitary

36
Q

3 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone (GH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

37
Q

Meaning of adenohypophysis

A

another name for the anterior pituitary (of epithelial origin)

38
Q

Meaning of neurohypophysis

A

another name for the posterior pituitary (of neuronal origin)

39
Q

what regulates the release of trophic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary ?

A

releasing or inhibitory factors produced by neurones of the hypothalamus

40
Q

how far do the neurones of the hypothalamus project?

A

as far as the median eminence

41
Q

how do releasing or inhibitory factors produced by neurones of the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. neurones release their secretions at the median eminence

2. secretions taken up into the capillaries of the pituitary portal system & carried to the anterior lobe

42
Q

what is a portal system?

A

one that starts and ends as capillaries

43
Q

5 mains classes of cells in the anterior pituitary

A 
gonadotrophs
somatotrophs
lactotrophs
corticotrophs
thyrotrophs
44
Q

name the upward extension of the anterior pituitary that surrounds the pituitary stalk

A

tuberal lobe

45
Q

tuberal lobe contains mostly which type of cell?

A

gonadotrophic

46
Q

name the small gland that is a backward projection from the 3rd ventricle below the corpus callosum, and is covered by the meninges

A

pineal gland

47
Q

what sort of innovation does the pineal gland receive?

A

from the autonomic NS

48
Q

describe the location of the thyroid gland in the neck

A

between the level of the thyroid cartilage (superiorly) and the 4th tracheal ring (inferiorly)

49
Q

The thyroid gland synthesizes, stores and secretes which two hormones?

A

thyroxine and calcitonin

50
Q

where are the 4 parathyroid glands located in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

embedded in the posterior border of each lobe

51
Q

C cells of the thyroid gland produce what?

A

calcitonin

52
Q

calcitonin is antagonistic to which other hormone?

A

parathyroid hormone

53
Q

parathyroid gland often contains a mixture of which 2 cell types?

A

fat cells (apidocytes) and secretory cells

54
Q

main secretory cell of the parathyroid gland

A

chief cell

55
Q

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans are most numerous in which part of the gland?

A

the tail

56
Q

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans constitute what % of the mass of the gland?

A

about 5%

57
Q

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain which 4 secretory cells types?

A
  • insulin secreting beta cells
  • glucagon secreting alpha cells
  • somatostatin secreting delta cells
  • pancreatic polypeptide secreting cells
58
Q

do the suprarenal glands lie inside or outside the capsule of the kidney?

A

enclosed inside

59
Q

outer cortex of the suprarenal glands produces what?

A

steroid hormones

60
Q

the inner medulla of the suprarenal glands produces what?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

61
Q

the central vein of the suprarenal glands carries hormones to which veins?

A

renal veins

or directly into inf. vena cava

62
Q

3 zones of the suprarenal cortex

A

glomerular (outer)
fascicular
reticular (inner)

63
Q

what hormone does the narrow outer glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

A

aldosterone

64
Q

what hormone does the thick intermediate fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

A

cortisol

65
Q

what hormones does the of the inner reticular zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

A

sex steroid hormones

66
Q

where are adrenaline and noradrenaline stored until required?

A

in neurosecretory granules in the cytoplasm of the cells

67
Q

anterior pituitary produces what type of hormones?

A

peptide based

68
Q

the anterior pituitary receives its blood supply from a portal circulation which starts where?

A

the hypothalamus

69
Q

where does the thyroid originate from embryonically?

A

the floor of the mouth

70
Q

C cells produce calcitonin when blood calcium concentration…

A

rises

71
Q

which part of the pancreas secretes into the duodenum?

A

exocrine

72
Q

the islets of Langerhans secrete hormones into…

A

the hepatic portal circulation

73
Q

purpose of the hepatic portal system

A

responsible for directing blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver

74
Q

alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans produce what?

A

glucagon

75
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

causes hepatocytes to release glucose

76
Q

beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce what?

A

insulin

77
Q

the adrenal cortex uses what to synthesise hormones?

A

cholesterol

78
Q

the adrenal medulla is supplied predominantly by which part of the N S?

A

sympathetic

79
Q

the islets of Langerhans arise embryonically from the…

A

primitive gut tube

80
Q

the parathyroid glands arise embryonically from the…

A

primitive gut tube

81
Q

the thyroid gland arises embryonically from the…

A

primitive gut tube

Grace Phase 1 (11 decks)

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