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Grace Phase 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system consists of…

A

Brain, Brainstem, Spinal cord

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2
Q

specialised cells that support neurons in the brain

A

Neuroglia

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3
Q

components of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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4
Q

5 specialised functions of the cerebral hemispheres

A 
thought
voluntary movement
perception
language
reasoning
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5
Q

3 specialised functions of the brainstem

A

heart rate
breathing
blood pressure

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6
Q

3 specialised functions of the cerebellum

A

movement
balance
posture

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7
Q

at what vertebrae does spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

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8
Q

how many spinal nerves?

+how many of each section e.g. cervical

A

31

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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9
Q

what 2 factors determine the conduction velocity of an axon?

A

diameter

extent of myelination

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10
Q

name the 3 groups of neurotransmiters

A

excitatory
inhibitory
modulatory

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11
Q

2 functions of astrocytes (neuroglia)

A

regulate blood-brain barrier

influence local neurotransmitter and electrolyte conc.

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12
Q

name most numerous glia cell in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheath in CNS

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14
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

line ventricular system - barrier between CSF and brain

involved in CSF production

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15
Q

function of microglia

A

macrophages

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16
Q

what are the meninges and what is their function?

A

3 membranes that line skull and vertebral canal

enclose brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Name the 3 meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

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18
Q

describe the blood vessels of the CNS

A

non-fenestrated
with tight junctions
endothelial cells have thick cytoplasm
endothelial cell basement membrane intimately associated with astrocyte foot processes

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19
Q

describe slow twitch fibres (type 1)

and their function

A

oxidative
fatigue resistant
postural support, distance running

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20
Q

describe fast twitch fibres (type 2)

A

fatigue rapidly but generate large peak of muscle tension

have lactate biproduct

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21
Q

in a sarcomere, which are the thin light bands?

A

actin filaments

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22
Q

in a sarcomere, which are the thick dark bands?

A

myosin fibres

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23
Q

in sliding filament theory, myosin heads bind to…

A

actin

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24
Q

what provides the energy for the conformational change in the myosin head?

A

hydrolysis of ATP

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25
Q

the sliding of filaments to shorten the sarcomere is initiated by what?

A

increase in cytosolic Ca2+

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26
Q

general function of a kinase enzyme

A

sticks P onto things

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27
Q

function of dystrophin

A

gives stability to muscle cell membrane

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28
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheath in CNS

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29
Q

function of schwann cells

A

produces myelin sheath in PERIPHERAL NS

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30
Q

nodes of ranvier between myelin sheaths allow what?

A

saltatory conduction

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31
Q

name the 3 divisions of the brain (fore-, mid- and hindbrain)

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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32
Q

name the divisions of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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33
Q

why is MRI the best imaging technique for the brain?

A

good contrast between white/ grey matter and CSF in ventricles/sulci

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34
Q

following fertilisation, the embryo develops into a tri-laminar disc of what 3 layers?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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35
Q

which layer of the tri-laminar disc thickens in the midline to form the neural crest?

A

ectoderm

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36
Q

midline groove in neural crest (neural groove) deepens and eventually detaches from the overlying ectoderm to form the …

A

neural tube

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37
Q

what cells run dorsolaterally along the neural groove?

A

presumptive neural crest cells

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38
Q

what develops from the telencephalon of the prosencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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39
Q

what develops from the diencephalon of the prosencephalon?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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40
Q

what develops from the mesencephalon?

A

colliculi

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41
Q

name the 2 divisions of the rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

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42
Q

what develops from the metencephalon of the rhombencephalon?

A

cerebellum

pons

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43
Q

what develops from the myelencephalon of the rhombencephalon?

A

medulla oblongata

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44
Q

what is the total volume of CSF?

A

120ml

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45
Q

in what space does CSF circulate?

A

subarachnoid

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46
Q

name the ventricles

A

2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

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47
Q

what connects ventricles and subarachnoid spaces?

A

cisterns

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48
Q

what does CSF contain?

A

protein, urea, glucose, salts

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49
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus

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50
Q

what is the choroid plexus?

A

network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain

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51
Q

CSF is absorbed via…

A

arachnoid granulations (villi)

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52
Q

commisure definition

A

tract connecting one hemisphere to the other

53
Q

reticular definition

A

‘netlike’
when grey and white matter mix
e.g. reticular formation of the brainstem

54
Q

function of the temporal lobe

A

understanding spoken word/ sounds
memory
emotion

55
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

body part awareness

receives and interprets sensations (pain, touch, pressure, size)

56
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

understanding visual images and the meaning of the written word

57
Q

thalamus function

A

relay centre directing inputs to cortical area

58
Q

hypothalamus function

A

autonomic NS
links endocrine system to brain
homeostasis

59
Q

cerebellum attached to brainstem by

A

3 peduncles

superior, middle, inferior

60
Q

divisions of the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

61
Q

divisions of peripheral NS

A

somatic (voluntary)

autonomic (involuntary)

62
Q

name the 2 divisons of parasympathetic outflow

A
  1. cranial outflow (innervates organs of head, neck, thorax, abdomen)
  2. sacral outflow (supplies remaining abdominal + pelvic organs)
63
Q

definition of a single motor unit

A

single motor neuron and the muscle fibres it connects

64
Q

motor command originates in what cells of the motor cortex?

A

pyramidal cells

65
Q

function of limbic system

A

controls emotions and drives (sex, hunger)

66
Q

cerebellum = 10% of total brain weight.

What % of the brain’s total number of neurons does it contain?

A

over 50%

67
Q

motor commands originate in which 2 areas?

A
  1. upper motor nuclei of brainstem

2. primary motor cortex

68
Q

motor commands descend along the reticulospinal tracts to the…

A

lower motor neurons

69
Q

lower motor neurons originate in the…

A

spinal cord

70
Q

motor command/options are selected by the…

A

basal ganglia nuclei

71
Q

what provides precise control, fine adjustment and coordination of a motor activity?

A

cerebellum

72
Q

what does the outer layer of the eye comprise of?

A

cornea

sclera

73
Q

what does the middle layer (uvea) of the eye comprise of?

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

74
Q

what does the inner layer of the eye comprise of?

A

retina

75
Q

components of the ciliary body

A

glandular epithelium

smooth muscle

76
Q

function of the glandular epithelium of the ciliary body

A

production of aqueous humour containing cornea and lens nutrients
maintains intra-ocular pressure

77
Q

function of the smooth muscle of the ciliary body

A

controls accommodation (adjustment of the lens to form clear images from different distances)

78
Q

function of cones

A

colour
central vision
visual acuity (distinguishing shapes and details)

79
Q

function of rods

A

monochromatic
peripheral vision
dark adaptation

80
Q

blood supply of the eye

A

retinal and ciliary branches of the opthalmic artery - (branch of the internal carotid artery)

81
Q

the outer ear consists of…

A

auricle

external auditory canal

82
Q

middle ear consists of…

A

eardrum

hammer, anvil, stirrup (ossicular chain)

83
Q

inner ear consists of…

A 
vestibular system (3 semicircular canals - balance)
cochlea (hearing part)
84
Q

the 2 outer chambers of the cochlea contain what fluid?

A

perilymph

85
Q

the 3rd and innermost chamber of the cochlea (cochlear duct) contains what fluid?

A

endolymph

86
Q

the cochlear duct contains what membrane?

A

basilar membrane

87
Q

what sensory organ lies on the basilar membrane?

A

Organ of Corti

88
Q

the organ of corti consists of what?

A

cilia (hair cells) arranged in rows, each connected to a nerve fibre which relays impulses to 8th cranial nerve

89
Q

apical (most curved) area of the cochlea transfer what frequency of impulses?

A

lower frequency

90
Q

name 1st cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

OLFACTORY

ethmoidal foramen

91
Q

name 2nd cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

OPTIC

optic canal

92
Q

name 3rd cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

OCCULOMOTOR

superior orbital fissure

93
Q

name 4th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

TROCHLEA

superior orbital fissure

94
Q

name 5th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

TRIGEMINAL
superior orbital fissure (opthalmic)
foramen ovale (mandibular)
foramen rotundum (maxillary)

95
Q

name 6th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

ABDUCENS

superior orbital fissure

96
Q

name 7th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

FACIAL

internal acoustic meatus

97
Q

name 8th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR

internal acoustic meatus

98
Q

name 9th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

jugular foramen

99
Q

name 10th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

VAGUS

jugular foramen

100
Q

name 11th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

ACCESSORY

jugular foramen

101
Q

name 12th cranial nerve and where it exits the skull

A

HYPOGLOSSAL

hypoglossal canal

102
Q

olfactory nerve function

A

sense of smell

103
Q

optic nerve function

A

visual information (sensory)

104
Q

oculomotor nerve function

A

eye movement
pupil constriction
eyelid

105
Q

trochlear nerve function

A

superior oblique eye muscle

106
Q

abducens nerve function

A

lateral rectus eye muscle

107
Q

branches of the facial nerve

A 
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical
108
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve function

A

balance

hearing

109
Q

what is the pharyngeal plexus?

A

network of nerve fibres innervating most of the palate, larynx and pharynx

110
Q

trigeminal nerve function

A

skin, skeletal muscles of face, nose and mouth (sensory)

muscle of mastication (motor)

111
Q

facial nerve function

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue (sensory)

facial muscles, swallowing, nose, palate, lacrimal and salivary glands (motor)

112
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve function

A

middle ear, posterior 1/3 of tongue (afferent)

parotid salivary gland, skeletal muscle of swallowing (efferent)

113
Q

vagus nerve function

A

skeletal muscle of pharynx/larynx

smooth muscle/glands of thorax & abdomen

114
Q

accessory nerve function

A

neck skeletal muscle

115
Q

hypoglossal nerve function

A

tongue skeletal muscle

116
Q

where do alpha motor neurons originate?

A

spinal cord

117
Q

what lobe is broca’s area in?

A

frontal lobe

118
Q

what lobe is wernicke’s area in?

A

temporal and parietal lobes

119
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

pre-central gyrus

frontal lobe

120
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

post-central gyrus

parietal lobe

121
Q

where is the visual cortex located?

A

occipital lobe (at the back of the brain)

122
Q

what are gamma motor neurones?

A

type of lower motor neurone

take part in muscle contraction

123
Q

where are the cell bodies of gamma motor neurones and alpha motor neurones located?

A

anterior horn of the spinal cord

124
Q

where do gamma motor neurones receive input from?

A

pons in the brainstem

125
Q

which have smaller axons, alpha or gamma motor neurones?

A

gamma

126
Q

which directly adjust lengthening/shortening of muscle fibres, gamma or alpha motor neurones?

A

alpha

127
Q

which has a role in keeping muscle spindles taut, gamma or alpha motor neurones?

A

gamma

128
Q

voluntary motor control actions can be divided into…

A

goal directed

habit

129
Q

definition of a spinal reflex

A

involuntary/instinctive response to stimulus

unconditioned response

Grace Phase 1 (11 decks)

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