GI Flashcards
name ligament between liver and umbilicus
falciform ligament
name the double layer of peritoneum that connects the liver to the stomach
lesser omentum
name the ligament that connects stomach and spleen
gastrosplenic ligament
name the mesenteric fold between the spleen and the left kidney
lienorenal ligament
describe the ventral mesentery and what develops within it
mesentery between stomach and umbilicus
liver develops within it
blood supply of the foregut
celiac artery
blood supply of the midgut
superior mesenteric artery
blood supply of the hindgut
inferior mesenteric artery
what is the abdominal wall made up of?
sheets of muscle and sheets of tendon
name the vertical pair of muscles in the anterior abdominal wall
rectus abdominis
rectus abdominis muscle lies within the…
rectus sheath
rectus abdominis runs from —- to —-
from sternum and costal margin
to pubis
name the top left and right regions of the abdomen
left and right hypochondrium
name the top middle region of the abdomen
epigastrium
name the central region of the abdomen
umbilical
name the bottom middle region of the abdomen
hypogastrium
name the left and right middle regions of the abdomen
left and right lumbar
name the bottom left and right regions of the abdomen
left and right iliac fossa
name the muscle that attaches
laterally to the anterior superior iliac spine
and medially to the pubic tubercle
external oblique
nerve supply of the foregut
greater splanchnic nerve
nerve supply of the midgut
lesser splanchnic nerve
nerve supply of undersurface of diaphragm
phrenic nerve
nerve supply of the kidney
sympathetic plexus
gonad nerve supply
sympathetic plexus
name the layers that surround the lumen of the intestine
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
serosal surface (mesothelium)
describe the 2 layers of the muscularis propria of the gut
inner circular
outer longitudinal
what is reabsorbed in the large intestine
water
why does the large intestine have a decreased surface area compared to the large SA of the small intestine?
such a large SA is not needed for water reabsorption
name the epithelium of the oral cavity
stratified squamous
non-keratinizing
name epithelium of the tongue
stratified squamous
tiny amount of keratin on the surface
name the 4 pairs of tonsils
adenoid
tubal
palatine
lingual
name the 3 groups of salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
where are the parotid salivary glands located?
in front of the ears
where are the sublingual salivary glands located?
beneath the tongue
of the 3 groups of salivary glands, which are serous and which are mucinous?
parotid - serous
submandibular - mixed
subingual - mucinous
what digestive enzyme does saliva contain and what does it break down?
amylase
breaks down starch
what is secreted in the stomach
HCl
pepsin
mucous
describe muscle wall of stomach
3 layers
purpose of the mucous secreted in the stomach
protect the stomach wall from HCl
name ‘barrier’ between stomach and small intestine
pyloric sphincter
what is the liquified/partially digested food referred to in the small intestine?
chyme
3 sections of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
function of liver and gallbladder in digestion
liver secretes bile for protein digestion
gallbladder stores the bile
bile from gallbladder enters duodenum via the…
bile duct
pancreatic digestive enzymes secreted into duodenum via…
pancreatic duct
enzymes secreted by pancreas
amylase
trypsin (protease)
lipase
brush border enzymes of small intestine:
maltase
sucrase
lactase
peptidase
chyme broken down into small molecules such as:
AMINO ACIDS
MONOSACCHARIDES
FATTY ACIDS
GLYCEROL
which small molecules are absorbed into the blood?
monosaccharides
amino acids
which small molecules are absorbed into the lymphatics and what aids this?
fatty acids and glycerol
helped by the bile
sections of the large intestine:
caecum ascending transverse descending sigmoid rectum
substance produced by bacterial fermentation of un-digestible material in the large intestine
short chain fatty acids
name 3 sections of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
role of pharynx in digestion
moves food towards oesophagus
secretes mucous
name the valve in the pharynx that covers the trachea
epiglottis
name the cells that lie at the bottom of crypts in the stomach wall.
what do they secrete?
chief cells
HCl
what do parietal cells secrete, and what is this then converted to?
pepsinogen -> pepsin
name enzyme secreted by small intestine that stimulates the gallbladder
CCK (cholecystokinin)
bile moves from liver to gallbladder via…
the common hepatic duct
describe the composition of the liver
2 lobes -> many hexagonal lobules -> hepatocytes
what enzymes are released and what is digested in the mouth and stomach respectively?
mouth > amylase > carbs
stomach > pepsinogen > pepsin > protein
what does the pancreas secrete into the duodenum and what effect does it have?
HCO3- (bicarbonate) > neutralises stomach acid
amylase > carb digestion
lipase > fat digestion
nucleases > nucleotide digestion
describe the muscles of the rectum
both voluntary and involuntary
internal anal sphincter & external anal sphincter
2 components of starch
amylose (linear glucose chain with a 1-4 glycosidic bonds)
amylopectin (branched chains of glucose with a 1-6 glycosidic bonds)
what does amylase do to starch
break alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
why is amylase inactivated in the stomach
by HCl (stomach acid)
alternative name for cells of the small intestine
enterocytes
function of sucrase/isomaltase
breaks alpha (1-4) and (1-6) glycosidic bonds of alpha-dextrins (starch breakdown products)
how are Na+ and glucose transported from intestinal lumen in the enterocytes?
co-transporter on apical surface of enterocyte
2Na+ for each 1 glucose molecule
how is glucose absorbed into the blood from the enterocytes?
glut2 transporter on basal surface of enterocyte
where, and as what is glucose stored?
in the liver as glycogen
what happens to ‘resistant starch’ (starch not broken down in small intestine)?
reaches colon and is fermented by colon bacteria into short-chain fatty acids
