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Biol 215 lecture > Succession > Flashcards

Succession Flashcards

1
Q

Most common type of defense

A

Chemical defense

  • after capture
  • toxic chemicals (especially beetles)
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2
Q

Types of fighting defense

A
  • stinging (especially wasps)
  • after capture
  • biting
  • kicking
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3
Q

types of crypsis defense

A
  • camo (especially caterpillars)
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4
Q

effects of herbivory on plants

A
  • loss of competitive ability
  • defoliation
  • go for young leaves, less lignin, more nutrients
  • growth rate of plant reduced by up to 25%
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5
Q

Antibrowsing compounds

A
  • alcohols
  • alkaloids
  • quinones
  • glycosides
  • flavenoids
  • raphides
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6
Q

Plant defenses

A
  1. Chemical

2. Structural defenses (spines/thornes) devils club?

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7
Q

Plant chemical defenses

A
  1. unpleasant odour
  2. neurotoxins
  3. contact irritation
  4. bitter taste
  5. proteinase inhibitors
  6. growth hormone mimics
  7. psychotropic effects
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8
Q

unpleasant odour example

A

mustard

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9
Q

contact irritation example

A

poison ivy

- contact dermatitis

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10
Q

bitter taste example (name the compounds)

A

lot of berries when they are not ripe

- tannins, alkaloids

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11
Q

neurotoxins

A

Dinoflagellates and U-tree berries

  • dinoflagellates - do not hurt fish but would kill birds
  • U-tree berries, kill mammals but not birds and mice. Seeds don’t get metabolized
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12
Q

Proteinase inhibitors

A

Cotton, chickpea, potato

- inhibit the metabolism of these, they don’t get broken down and animal will starve to death

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13
Q

Growth hormone mimic

A

cat nip

- mimics the moulting hormone if animal eats this, moults too early/late and die

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14
Q

Psychotropic effects

A

Peyote (mescaline)
- antibrowing to kangaroo rats, flips out when they eat it
Caffeine
- when spiders have caffeine or mescaline, they suck at making webs

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15
Q

Flower and Bee study

A
  • caffeine is a stimulant at low lvls for bees
  • some flowers put small amounts of caffeine in their tubes to increase pollination
  • bees more likely to come back
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16
Q

Animal defenses against plant chemical defenses

A
  1. mixed function oxidase - oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction
  2. concentration of toxins
  3. selective browsing
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17
Q

Concentration of toxins

A
  • take toxins out of leaves they eat, metabolize this toxin to the brightest part of animal
    (clams - black part = neurotoxins)
  • frog
  • ants innoculate toxic leaves with fungus.. ants eat the fungus.. they have resistance to the poison… fungus concentrates the poison
18
Q

Selective browsing

A
  • insects don’t eat the vessels they won’t die

- saliva of moose has antifungal proterties. Reduced growth and toxin production

19
Q

Ecological Succession

A

the sequential change in species composition of the community over time

20
Q

Primary succession

A

establishment of plant and animal communities in a place where there is nothing
- ex. mount st. helens

21
Q

What was the first species to colonize bear rock

A

alder

- because they are nitrogen fixing. have the capacity to utilize atmospheric nitrogen and fix itself into bear rock

22
Q

Secondary succession

A

the change of an established community

- eg. when a pond disappears

23
Q

seral stage

A
  • each sequential community, takes place in secondary succession
  • each stage will last longer and longer
24
Q

how to determine the history of vegetation in secondary successive ecosystems

A

Pipe in ground

  • used to reconstruct vegetation history
  • when they find that C14 decayed to N14, that is their estimates for when the plants died
  • can take the DNA of this plant and animal species
25
Q

Mammoth study

A

found that mamoths lived until 10,500 BP, several thousands years later than indicated from macrofossil surveys.

  • mammoth and horse survival overlapped with humans
  • contradicts the findings that extinction was due to extraterrestrial impact in late pleistocene
26
Q

Allogenic succession

A

ex. fire, earthquake, volcano

- abiotic disturbances, flips to earlier state

27
Q

Autogenic succession

A

biotic disturcances pushing back to earlier state

-ex. beaver den

28
Q

why is old growth important?

A

more biodiversity

29
Q

following secondary sucession, why is there a peak then decline in TOTAL biomass

A
  • every leaf/branch/tree that falls and hasn’t decomposes

- eventually will decompose and steady state

30
Q

How long does it take to reach late seral stages?

A

depends on area

- when environment is wet it will recover faster

31
Q

how long did it take krakatau to recover

A

130 years

- 15 m of hot lava on island

32
Q

how long would it take coastal bc rainforest to recover

A
  • 1000 years for insect community

100 years for trees

33
Q

how long would it take the arctic to reach late seral stages

A

~ 10,000 years

- because it is still changing

34
Q

echological mechanisms for succession

A
  1. stochastic events
  2. facilitation
  3. Inhibition
  4. Tolerance
35
Q

stochastic events

A

Unpredictable

  • who gets there first can be well established
  • major process in early seral stages
36
Q

facilitation

A
  • a species creates conditions favourable for succeeding species at expense of itself
  • e.g. clover facilitates colonization of another species at the expense of itself (trees)
  • leads to regular, sequential shit in species (assembly rules)
  • major process in early seral stages
37
Q

facilitation example

A
  1. predators cannot colonize successfully unless prey are already present
  2. pollinators cannot colonize successfully unless flowering plants are present
38
Q

Inhibition

A
  • species inhibits the colonization of subsequent species

e. g. allelopathy: chemical inhibition (coral reefs), competitive exclusion

39
Q

Tolerance

A

members of a seral stage that co-exist due to the use of different resources

  • combo of facilitation and inhibition
  • ghost of competitions past
40
Q

shoot to root ratio high vs. low seral state

A

high in early stages, low in late stages

Biol 215 lecture (9 decks)

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