Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 215 lecture > Midterm Study > Flashcards

Midterm Study Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecological genetics

A

genetic variability, natural selection, evolution, geological timetable… studies genetic phenotypic variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does a monomorphic population mean

A

all individuals are homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does a polymorphic population mean

A

if there are two or more alleles in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does genetic variability originate with

A

a mutation: point or chromosomal. This leads to a different allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what percentage of loci per individual are polymorphic?

A

5-15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Variability

A

is the norm: eye colour, hair colour, skin colour etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does genetic variability relate to population size

A

little genetic variability in small populations, as population size increases so does variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Drosophila genetic variability graph

A

as the population size increases, even after 500 gens 80% of the heterozygous alleles are still present, with a low now, inbred species cause the variability to die out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does inbreeding lead to

A

juvenile mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did the paper find about sea lions

A

more animals that were sick had a higher parental relatedness (homozygosity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the minimum population size to maintain genetic variability in isolated populations?

A

2500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does migration allow

A

allow for the persistence of genetic variability ~ increased survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

natural selection

A

non-random differential reproduction of genotypes resulting in the preservation of favourable variants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

adaptation

A

any physiological, morphological, or behavioural modification that enhances the REPRODUCTIVE success of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 2 ways evolution can be described

A

1) serial change over time

2) descent with modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anagenesis

A

gradual change over time

–> does NOT lead to species diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cladogenesis

A

the branching of lineages and the formation of new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does cladogenesis usually occur with

A

geographical or genetic ISOLATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the KT boundary

A

something that happened ~ 65 million years ago. Killed about 3/4 of earths animals. What caused dinosaurs to become extinct… between the age of reptiles (dinos) and the age of mammals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Precambian

A

first hard-bodied fossil deposits. 4600 MILLION years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Paleozoic

A

beginning age of fishes. 540 MILLION years ago… first hard-body fossil deposits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mesozoic

A

age of reptiles. 250 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cenozoic

A

age of mammals. 65 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

earliest life

A

3500-4000 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the estimate of total species on earth?

A

8 - 100 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

behavioural ecology

A

optimal foraging, territoriality, sex and mating systems, group living, life histories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

optimal foraging theory. 3 things

A

1) preference for food with the highest NET energy gain
2) feed more selective when food is abundant
3) include low quality food only when food is scarce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pied Wagtail and beetle size

A

When eating randomly, the pied wagtail is more likely to come across an 8mm beetle. But when the beetles get bigger their handling time increases. To maximize caloric intake per handling time the bird eats more 7mm bugs even tho they are less common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do terrestrial plants tend to be deficient in

A

sodium.. high calories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are aquatic plants deficient in

A

calories.. high sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

bison migration

A

have to make large migrations from their grassy areas to salt licks to get efficient sodium, cobalt, copper
- there are more predators here but they still go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

rules for optimizing foraging time

A

1) concentrate foraging activity in the most productive patches and ignore patches of low productivity
2) stay in the patch until its profitability falls to lvl equal to all other patches combined
- -> want the highest joules/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Bird opening lid

A

if the bird only took a short amount of time to open lid, might only stay a short while at the food inside (even if there was more food left)
- if the bird took a long time to open lid would stay a longer time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

foraging time and predation risk

A

if the mouse is starving it will risk predation… if the mouse isn’t very hungry it will stay safe and not look for food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

home range

A

the area over which an animal travels in search of food/mates/resources which is not defended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

territoriality

A

advertisement or active defence of an area. Exclusion of resource use by others… this is common in predators
-there are different ways to mark territories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

chickadees (2 types) territoriality

A

intraspecific territoriality but no interspecific territoriality
-different types can overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what influences the size of a territory

A
  • agression
  • size
  • habitat quality
  • population density
  • competition with others
  • ability to share resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what happens when you remove some territories (ie. the great tit)

A
  • when they removed territories… some territories got bigger, some new arrivals came
  • the birds that got taken away may realize their old territory got taken and not be able to go back
40
Q

cost-benefit ratio for territory size

A

cost: big territory takes longer to go all the way around but want enough food shelter and reproduction

41
Q

asexual reproduction (cloning)

A
  • offspring genetically identical to parent
  • common in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes
  • common in plants and aquatic invertebrates
  • occasionally seen in vertebrates including fish reptiles, birds and mammals
42
Q

best predictor of asexual reproduction in animals?

A
  • short lifespan

- constant environment

43
Q

do asexual species ever switch to sexual reproduction?

A

yes.

- triggered by environmental stress

44
Q

do sexual species ever switch to asexual reproduction?

A
  • females sometimes switch following changes

e. g. no other individuals of the species encountered

45
Q

parthenogenesis

A

a natural form of asexual reproduction

-no fertilization

46
Q

dioecious

A
  • male and female organs are on SEPARATE individuals.

- most species

47
Q

monoecious

A

-male and female organs on the same individuals

48
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodite

A

both sets of reproductive organs forms at the same time

- widespread in plants and inverts

49
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

both sets of reproductive organs form at different times

-common in coral reef fishes

50
Q

panmixis

A
  • unrestricted random mating
  • all opposite sex individuals in a population
  • marine inverts, fishes
  • sexes usually look alike
51
Q

polygamy

A 
multiple partners 
-sexes usually look different from one another 
TWO TYPES 
1) polygyny 
2) polyandry
52
Q

polygyny

A
  • many females

- males mate with many females but females only mate with single male

53
Q

polyandry

A
  • many males
  • females mate with males but males mate with single female
  • females are more brightly coloured than males. males will incubate eggs and become sexually inactive
  • ex. many shorebird species
54
Q

female defence polygyny

A

-individual males defend a group of females

55
Q

resource defense polygyny

A

individual males defend resources which females seek out

56
Q

monogamy

A
  • high fidelity to a single partner
  • lifetime monogamy is rare… but there are exceptions: carrion beetle, seabirds, swan, hawks, beavers, weasels, wolves
  • sexes look similar
  • young require extensive parental care … both parents needed!
57
Q

why are females more picky in choosing a mate

A
  • spend more time taking care of young, need fit male

- female ~ 400 eggs per lifetime where male ~ 200million sperm

58
Q

how is female fitness increased

A

by maximizing genetic quality and genetic variability of their offspring

59
Q

how is male fitness increased

A

by maximizing number of fertilized eggs

60
Q

what are the criteria for females to pick male

A

1) nuptial gift
2) dominant/strong male preference
3) ‘handicapped male hypothesis’
4) parasite-free male hypothesis
5) symmetrical male hypothesis

61
Q

what is nuptial gift

A
  • males provide a ‘gift’ to the female

- females will determine male by the quality of the gift

62
Q

Hanging fly nuptial gift

A

in hanging fly the male will bring prey to female and she will determine based on its size
-above 20mm is good

63
Q

Thynnine wasp nuptial gift

A
  • female releases pheromone which attracts the male
  • for him to mate, he has to pick her up, fly with her and put her on flowers so she can feed
  • if he drops her no poon
64
Q

nuptial gift: songbirds

A
  • male songbirds defend a territory
  • females evaluate male based on the length and complexity of his song as this is correlated with territory size
  • high quality males contribute to parental care and territorial defense
65
Q

dominant/strong male presence: elephant seal

A
  • males will fight for female
  • almost every female will be able to produce offspring BUT not all males
  • the top male is engaged in 90% of of kids produced each year
  • only 10% of males will get a chance at mating

dragonflies do a similar thing

66
Q

handicapped male hypothesis

A

the expression of traits that are costly to produce and costly to maintain intrigue female.
-if the male can survive with a handicap it is a signal of fitness

67
Q

widowbird

A
  • establishes a territory for females (can have more than 1)
  • longer the tail the better
68
Q

parasite-free male hypothesis (Hamilton and Zuk)

A
  • males that are colourful are providing their offspring with advantageous genes that yield better resistance to disease
  • bright displays are physiologically costly to produce
69
Q

pigeons

A
  • females like the brighter coloured neck pigeons
  • when they have ectoparasitic lice their lustre of the feathers reduces.
  • clean male has brighter colours, more likely to mate
70
Q

symmetrical male hypothesis

A
  • minor errors during embryological environment can cause asymmetry
  • stress, pollutants, parasitism, homozygosity, and poor genotype as well

ex. peacock, caribou

71
Q

what are genotypes that can correct asymmetries?

A

developmental homeostasis

72
Q

display evaluation

A
  • females evaluate quality, complexity and coordination of display
73
Q

inbreeding avoidance

A
  • all plant and animal species have one or more mechanisms to avoid inbreeding
  • pheromones to detect homozygosity (many can tell based on BO)
74
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

molecules that bind and determine if homozygous or heterozygous

75
Q

advantage for group living (5)

A
  • increased food search efficiency
  • increased capture efficiency
  • increased detection of predators
  • increased defence against predators
  • selfish-herd theory (dilution effect)… individuals benefit
76
Q

packsize and net kj/day

A

when pack size goes over 16, net kj/day goes up a lot. Catch bigger animals…. pack size from 4-16 doesn’t really change net kj/day

77
Q

attack success in predators…

A

less likely to catch groups… greater chance of seeing predator

78
Q

selfish-herd theory

A

each individual is looking out only for themselves

79
Q

disadvantages of group living

A
  • sharing limited resources
  • increased transmission of parasites
  • conflicts/stress
80
Q

r-selected

A
  • high number of eggs
  • high population growth potential
  • boom or bust cycle
  • usually short lived
81
Q

k-selected

A
  • low number of offspring/eggs
  • stable populations
  • low growth potential
  • usually long lived
82
Q

semelparous

A

single reproduction

-insects, cephalopods, salmon

83
Q

iteroparous

A

-repeated reproduction (yearly)

84
Q

What animals have parental care

A

social insects, dinosaurs (birds), small fish, all mammals

–> parental care uncommon in many fish, amphibians, reptiles

85
Q

precocial

A

no care

86
Q

altricial

A

lots of care

87
Q

what are 5 life histories

A
  1. r vs. K
  2. frequency of reproduction
  3. occurrence of precocial care
  4. clutch/litter size in k-selected species
  5. age of first reproduction (generation time)
88
Q

clutter/litter size in K selected species

A

-all bird species lay fewer eggs then they are capable of doing

89
Q

clutch size and the equator

A
  • farther away from equator = higher clutch size
90
Q

what happens when u artificially enlarge a clutch

A 
CHICKS: 
-reduced survival in winter 
-reduced egg protection as adults 
PARENTS 
-reduced winter survival 
-reduced egg protection following year
91
Q

clutch size in deer if there is no predators

A
  • will breed every 2 years

- body weight will go down but if there are no predators it doesn’t matter

92
Q

hyperdispersion

A
  • spread out evenly

- fish schools, seabirds,

93
Q

random distribution

A

grazing wildebeest, beach clams, forest spiders

94
Q

aggregated dispersion

A

a) coarse grain clumps
- separated by large areas
b) fine grained clumps
- separated by short distances

95
Q

What does dispersal lead to?

A

geneflow

96
Q

what does migration lead to?

A

-movement of large number of individuals from one location to the next

Biol 215 lecture (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions