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Biol 215 lecture > Conservation ecology > Flashcards

Conservation ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Alexander von Humboldt 1

A
  • wrote books
  • context to do with everything
  • science, exploration, political systems, conservation
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2
Q

George Perkins Marsh 2

A

lead to the government setting aside forests

- man and nature book

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3
Q

Henry David Thoreau 2

A
  • conservationist and poet

- no one thought saving trees was going to be an issue but he wrote about the death of pines!!

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4
Q

alfred wallace 3

A

naturalist/collector from britain

  • paper with charles darwin natural selection
  • everywhere he went was still intact but he thought about the destruction of species
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5
Q 
yosemite valley (4)
- who was it protected by
A
  • Abraham Lincoln (1864)

- 1872 established as a park

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6
Q

when (approx) was concept of biosphere created and who by (5)

A
  • Austrian Suess
  • 1875
  • think global act global
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7
Q

3 national parks established from 1885-19 (6)

A

Banff, Jasper, and Mound Mckinley

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8
Q

when was international union for the conservation of nature (IUCN) created (approx) and how many countries (7)

A
  • 1948
  • 181 countries
  • 6 protected area management categories
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9
Q

what is the suess effect?

A

ratio of heavy carbon isotopes (C14 or C13) in the atmosphere by the added mixture of fossil fuel derived CO2 (contains no C13 or C14)

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10
Q

Aldo leopold (7)

A
  • 1948

- earth wounds can’t be seen by lay person

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11
Q

Silent Spring rachel carson (8)

A
  • 1962
  • DDT killing insects
  • birds disappearing because insects disappearing
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12
Q

International biological program (9)

A
  • 1964-1974

- ecological reserves emerged from this

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13
Q

when was the first photo of earth from the moon taken (10)

A
  • 1968

- Apollo

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14
Q

United Nations population fund (11)

A
  • 1969
  • policy to allow funding of the construction of medical clinics and family planning clinics to give women a choice
  • UN sponsored this
  • this healed the population growth BUT the president did not like the idea of BC
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15
Q

first earth day (12)

A

1970

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16
Q

first land satellite (13)

A
  • 1972
  • global coverage of land use
  • more capacity and resolution than what they were using b4
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17
Q

when and what is CITES (14)

A
  • 1975 (drafted in 1963)
  • convention of international trade in endangered species
  • finding out what species are threatened/endangered
  • fine/shut down airlines transporting them
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18
Q

how many countries involved in CITES by 2016

A

183

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19
Q

CITES appendix I

A
  • species threatened with extinction: permits required!
  • big cats
  • 2 monkeys
  • red panda
  • asiatic elephant
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20
Q

CITES appendix II

A
  • species not threatened but vulnerable: no permit required
  • GW shark
  • african grey parrot
  • green iguna
  • bigleaf mahogany
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21
Q

CITES appendix III

A

species that are protected in at least one party that has asked CITES to help controlling trade

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22
Q

how many plant and animal species in CITES

A
  • 5000 animal species

- 28,000 plant

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23
Q

Ecological footprint. Who made it (15)

A
  • 1992
  • William Rees (UBC)
  • guidlines and questions. Makes it personal. global picture relevant to each of us
  • low ecological footprint is associated with low human developmental index
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24
Q

three categories for ecological footprint

A
  1. mobility
  2. shelter
  3. goods/services
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25
Q

how many hectares of land exists/person and what is the average that people have in canada

A

worldwide there exists 2.1 hectares per person

- average ecological footprint in canada is 8.8

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26
Q

projected earth population in 2100 (if growth rate same as 2011, 2 child fams, 1 child fams)

A

2011 growth rate: 18.5 billion

2 child fam: 8.7 billion

1 child fam: 1.4 billion

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27
Q

Kyoto protocol (16)

A
  • 1997
  • objective: reduce rate of global warming by limiting release of greenhouse gases
  • first implementation period 2008-2012 - each country had to agree on a certain reduction in greenhouse gases
  • 2nd commitment period: DOHA ammendment
  • 2nd commitment period: DOHA ammendment (2012-2020)
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28
Q

Why did canada withdrawl from the first implementation of Kyoto protocol

A
  • because we are an export market (2012)
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29
Q

what agreement did canada sign in 2009

A

Copenhagen agreement

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30
Q

what is the copenhagen agreement

A

a NON-BINDING agreement for canada to reduce greenhouse gases by 17% 2005 levels by 2020

  • canada did not reduce their greenhouse gases
  • said it would reduce them by 30% in 2030
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31
Q

what are the 6 protected area categories IUCN?

A
  1. strict nature reserve/wilderness area
  2. national and provincial parks: mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation
  3. national monument: for protection of specific natural features (world heritage sites)
  4. habitat/species management area (introduced species removal) – bringing this space back to original space
  5. protected landscape/seascape: orca pass international stewardship area??
  6. sustainable use of natural ecosystem - could not build city here… crown land (resources extracted)
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32
Q

how many km2 are protected? and what percentage of earth surface

A

25 million km2 (12.5%)!!!!!

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33
Q

what category has the most protected area

A

2 then 6

  • national/provincial parks
  • managed resource protected area
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34
Q

number of countries involved with IUCN now

- what is the average protected land in each country?

A

169

- average of 8.5% of protected land in each country!

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35
Q

what country has the greatest % of protected area

A

Seychelles (94% protected)

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36
Q

what kind of countries have low % of protected areas?

A

rich countries

  • Canada (9%)
  • USA (12%)
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37
Q

South Moresby campaign (1975-1985)

A
  • campaign to terminate logging and mining

- 1980: support by Haida Gwaii (eventual support by prov and fed govnment - 2010)

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38
Q

how is the government website deceiving?

A
  • 167 new protected areas totaling over 2.7 million hectares created
  • BUT over 60% of this area is subalpine or alpine
    Of the 100 terrestrial protected ecosection in BC
  • 34 (most) have 0-1% of area protected
  • 27 (mainly mountaintops) have 12% protected
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39
Q

how much mid elevation growth and old growth forests are protected in canada

A

ONLY 11% of the mid elevation growth protected

- of this growth only 3% of old growth protected

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40
Q

what percentage of BC is forested and what percentage of this is dedicated to commercial forest use?

A
  • 56% forested
  • 24% dedicated to commercial forest use
  • 80% of forests have not been harvested but most will be
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41
Q

Major IUCN concerns (6)

A
  1. paper parks
  2. design shortcomings
  3. internal threats to protected areas
  4. external threats
  5. trans international boundary effects
  6. financing protected areas
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42
Q

paper parks

A
  • most parks no implementation

- only 30% have monitoring/management/enforcement programs

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43
Q

design shortcomings

A
  • areas where no industries/political practices are
    a) small areas not enough for carnivores to live (n = 2500 and 100,000 km2) for carnivore persistence
    b) position: largest areas lowest diversity (60% mountaintop)
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44
Q

internal threats

A

infringement, poaching, roads, groundwater reduction, disease, invasive species, highways

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45
Q

internal threats to tropical forests (inside the influence of management control)

A
  • poachers go in anyway. No consequence

- of 18% protected, majority considered empty forests

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46
Q

what is happening to the sumatran rhino

A
  • brink of extinction due to poachers and loggers
  • extinct in 40 years
  • poachers say they are hunting deer but going after endangered animals
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47
Q

how many poaching violations are happening in yellowstone/y

A

5000
~4000 large mammals killed on highways
- 3800 ungulates
- 200 large carnivores (mostly blackbears and wolves)

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48
Q

external threats to protected areas (outside influence of management control)

A

headwater effects, dams, acid rain, climate change, biocides, pathogens, invasive species, CFC’s

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49
Q

external threat bison

A
  • bison coming in carrying brucellosis
  • bacteria that spreads
  • kills cattle
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50
Q

trans international boundary effects

A
  • migration corridors (animals traveling from summer to winter habitats)
  • don’t want this? maybe they bring back sketch shit
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51
Q

financing protected areas

A

need more money

- only spend $7 billion/y but need $40 billion

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52
Q

how much of the planet should be protected?

A
  • 1/5 of earths surface should be protected

- 20%

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53
Q

when did there become areas protected from commercial fishing (marine protected areas (MPA))

A

1970-1980

- no-take zones!!

54
Q

benefits of marine protected areas

A
  1. increased fish abundance
  2. increase presence of larger fish, exponential increase in reproductive output
  3. increase species diversity
  4. recovery of competitors, biodiversity and ecosystem processes
55
Q

what % of the ocean is protected

A

6.4%

56
Q

of marine protected areas

A

~ 15,000

- about 23,000,000 km2

57
Q

re-definition of marine protected areas in 1990’s

A

intertidal or subtital terrain and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of enclosed environment

  • commercial fishing now allowed in most MPA’s :(
  • most MPA’s are about fishing management not conservation
58
Q

what are no-take zones now called

A

marine reserves

- now a subcategory of MPA

59
Q

what percentage of the ocean is marine reserves (no-take MPA’s)

A

less than 1%

- less than 25% of coastal countries have marine reserves

60
Q

most active canadian province in the establishment of MPA’s

A

BC

61
Q

What is MVP and MVA

A

MVP: minimal viable population to maintain 90% of genetic variability over 200 years

MVA: minimum viable area……

62
Q

graph with heterozygosity and population size

A
  • linear

- as population size increases, heterozygosity increases

63
Q

what populations have little genetic variability

A

small populations…. duh

64
Q

fragmentation study: where did most high-suitability habitat occur

A

outside of protected areas

65
Q

MVP for cross-species

A

n = 4169

- this is context specific (doesn’t support for ecological and life history predictors)

66
Q

what do they want to redefine endangered species as (4)

A
  • safe
  • vulnerable
  • endangered
  • critically endangered
  • based of probability of extinction within a certain time period `
67
Q

what are the probability’s and years of extinction after for the different categories

A

safe: 10% of extinction in 100 years
vulnerable: 20% of extinction in 20 years
endangered: 50% of extinction in 10 years

critically endangered: over 50% of extinction in 10 years

68
Q

what is the probability of extinction of birds, mammals, and amphibians

A

12% of birds
20% of mammals
32% of amphibians

69
Q

what would be the best was to enhance genetic diversity and prevent inbreeding (black bear study)

A

restoring migratory corridors

more practical approach: translocate 10 bears onto peninsula every 5 years

70
Q

under isolation what could happen to the black bears alleles over 100 years

A

bears could lose 70-80% of rare alleles within 100 years

71
Q

plantation forest matrix effects on fragmentation

A
  • higher matrix quality can strongly influence biodiversity

- maintaining a small proportion of matrix as high-quality land could be good enough

72
Q

butterfly study fragmentation

A
  • sedentary behaviour
  • despite this behaviour there was moderate levels of dispersal between patches (only if located w/i a distance of 3km)
  • effective population sizes were low??
73
Q

Grey-crowned babbler habitat loss/fragmentation on gene flow study

A
  • investigated gene flow before and after fragmentation
  • identified first gen migrants and dispersal events
  • looked at genetic bottlenecks
  • estimated effective population sizes
  • and population structure

results

  • conectedness is severely compromised
  • low recent immigration
  • fragmentation lead to clear divisions of sub populations
  • patterns of gene flow have changed over time
  • the effective population size are too low for long-term viability

solutions
- translocations to promote gene flow

74
Q

what # of translocations needed for persistence of genetic variability and increased survival

A
  • n=5 (really good)

- 1 or 2 good

75
Q

critical habitat approach (3)

A
  • forest age structure
  • nesting trees (snags)
  • nutrient pulses (salmon)
76
Q

critical habitat

A

the habitat required for species’ recovery and persistence

77
Q

age structure of trees

A

diversity of birds, fungi etc scales with the age structure of trees
- e.g. important that owls live in old growth

78
Q

why are snags important

A
  • wildlife trees, nesting trees

- Critical habitat!! the diversity of species is correlated with the # of dead snags

79
Q

albalone critical habitat study

A
  • uncertainty what concludes the critical habitat

- stalling recovery process

80
Q

what are the approaches to conservation biology

A

1) fragmentation
2) critical habitat
3) identifying biodiversity hotspots
4) identifying endemic species
5) park design
6) restoration ecology

81
Q

what are biodiversity hotspots

A
  • areas with high species diversity

- areas with high density of individuals within a species

82
Q

2 biodiversity hotspot examples

A
  • monarch butterflies (logged)

- green turtles swimming all the way to atlantic to lay eggs from africa

83
Q

what species does triangle island have thats high biodiversity

A
  • largest seabird colony in BC

- largest auklet colony in the world

84
Q

hotspots

A

18 hotspots together make up 20% of the plant species in 0.5% of the earths surface!

85
Q

what was the median forest protection in biodiversity hotspots?

A

8.4%!!

86
Q

how many species deemed at risk of extinction?

A

22,500 approx

87
Q

what indicates high marine biodiversity hotspots

A
  • concentrated food resources
88
Q

what is an endemic species

A
  • species unique to an area
  • occur in all countries and all ecosystems
  • most common on large islands furthest away from continents

AS EXTINCTION DECREASES AND ISOLATION INCREASES (IMMIGRATION DECREASES) AND AREA INCREASES SPECIATION INCREASES!!

89
Q

What countries are important in identifying these evolutionary species?

A

south and central america??

- origin of species or something

90
Q

single large or several small (SLOSS) park design

A
  • study said several small because they could contain habitats of only high quality
91
Q

what shape is best for this?

A

circle

  • less edge per SA
  • depends on species though, if they lived in mountain range or coastline may not want to live in circular area
92
Q

what shape would you want if there was a lot of pathogens?

A

linear

- less passing on the disease

93
Q

benefit of a triangular plot?

A
  • same thing with pathogens, sometimes good to have some isolation
94
Q

when is it good to have large reserves and when is it good to have smaller reserves (park design)

A

large reserves- landscape subjected to forestry for the first time

small reserves - in a highly fragmented forested landscape

95
Q

different categories of park design (4)

A
  1. single large or several small (SLOSS)
  2. shape
  3. position
  4. corridors
96
Q

how to resolve the SLOSS debate

A

increase overlapping to stop creating habitat “islands”

- fewer large reserves are better

97
Q

pros and cons of dams. dam removal trends

A

pros: important as green source of power
con: expense of a lot of aquatic ecosystem
- a lot of dams are now getting removed

98
Q

reintroduction of wolves

A
  • ate elk along the river
  • elk moved out to the forest, no longer grazed at these rivers
  • shrubs and insects along the rivers and lakes started to come back
  • grizzly bear pop went up because there was more berries
99
Q

wolf, coyote, vole study

A

more voles within 3 km of wolf den

  • wolves scare away coyotes that eat the voles
  • restoration of wolves could be a tool for regulating predation at lower trophic levels
100
Q

where is invasive alien species especially a problem and what are the major invadors

A

islands

- cats, dogs, pigs, rats

101
Q

eradication of what caused endangered birds to come back in south georgia

A

rats!!

  • decimated wildlife population in south georgia
  • glaciers confine rats to distinct areas making eradication possible
102
Q

red and arctic foxes problem

A
  • red and arctic foxes native to alaska
  • introduced to more than 400 islands by fur murchants
  • aleutian breeding reduced, almost extinct…
  • eradicated foxes off islands and goose came back
103
Q

restoration ecology subcategories

A
  • identical critical issues in restoration?
  • reconstruction of degraded habitats to pre-disturbance state
  • reintroduction of recently extinct populations
  • removal of exotic species
  • augumentation of ecosystem processes (bird cell phone tower)
  • the longterm persistence of human society and environmental processes thru ecological management
104
Q

what happened when deer were introduced to haida gwaii?

A
  • deer spread rapidly (started with 30, in 2015 > 100,000)
  • ate all shrubs
  • people put fences to protect their yard, more diverse in these areas
105
Q

2 major threats to freshwater ecosystems

A
  1. flow diversion
  2. exotic fish
    - exotic fish have more of a negative impact
    - flow restoration had no effect where exotic fish still remained
    - flow restoration is also more expensive
106
Q

who introduced broom?

A

captain walter grant

  • planted on VI
  • competitive… native to mediterranean areas of europe
  • no natural predators
107
Q

what are the concerns about global warming and invasive species

A
  • global warming is increasing the rate of spread of invasive species
108
Q

invasive species definition

A

species that are not native to the province or outside their natural distribution, and can negatively impact BC’s environment, people and/or economy

109
Q

what is a new form of genetic pest management

A

inserting genetically engineered DNA sequences (vectors) into invasive species to reduce the damage caused by them (insert vector into mosquito)

110
Q

what is a gene drive

A

genetic engineering that can propogate a particular set of genes thru a population

  • adding, deleting, disrupting, or modifying genes
  • used to exterminate insects carrying pathogens
  • can be misused, or unintended consequences
  • gene drive might spread across an entire species instead of a local population
  • could drive species to extinction
111
Q

gene drive in mice

A
  • used CRISPR to put a gene in mice the modifies coat colours
  • the mice baby had inherited CRISPR itself so this modified the unmodified chromosome… homozygous??
112
Q

cell phone towers and bird fatalities

A
  • changed the light on these towers so it wasn’t flashing

- removed a major portion of problem

113
Q

yellowstone to yukon

A
  • takes away IBT effects
  • connected yellowstone and yukon???
  • mountain biodiversity conservation
114
Q

why are zoos important

A
  • maintain breeding stock of some fish
  • preserve rare mammals
  • if you take a skin graft from cheetah and compare it with other cheetas: genetically identical
  • marmots would have been extinct if it wasn’t for toronto zoo (6 marmots were reproduced)
115
Q

species in africa, america, and asia

A
  • they were all comparable to large mammal species: weighing over 100 pounds (50,000 to 10,000 years ago)
  • NOW: america can’t compare has lacks these big mammals. about 13,000 years ago modern hunters slaughtered big animals and drove many species to extinction. some keystone species causing a second wave of extinction
116
Q

pleostocene rewilding

A

deliberately promote large, long lived species over pest and weed assemblages

  • bring large animals from african and asia to america
  • might not work due to these large species evolutionary history (and expensive)
  • replacing local rather than global extinctions would produce benefits to refaunation
117
Q

INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT: how much of the earth do they want to allocate for conservation

A

1/2

- say enough habitat exists

118
Q

what has the largest possible conservation netwrok globally

A

zoo and aquarium community

119
Q

what organization defines responsibilities of these zoos and aquariums?

A

WAZA

- founding member of IUCN

120
Q

possible fixes for global warming (7)

A
  • carbon credits
  • hydroelectricity
  • nuclear power
  • photovolaics
  • wind
  • geothermal
  • new technofixes
121
Q

what are carbon credits

A
  • credit of currency for reducing output of greenhouse gases
  • give monetary value to the cost of polluting air
    1 credit = 1 ton oc CO2
122
Q

hydroelectricity pros

A
  • high ecological impact
  • low cost
  • few carbon emissions
  • damns
123
Q

nuclear power pros and cons

A

pros: unlimited potential, no carbon emissions
cons: cost, high risk (weapon, ecological and health)

fission and fusion

  • fusion: 2 nuclei come together to produce a lot of energy
  • fusion: break apart an unstable nucleus
124
Q

photovoltaics

A
  • conservation of light into electricity (using semiconducting materials)
  • use is growing each year
125
Q

pros and cons of photovolatics

A

pros: no carbon emissions, high potential, low risk

126
Q

feed-in tariffs/net metering

A

multiyear contract at guaranteed rate

- 3x retail price???????

127
Q

wind pros

A
  • high potential, low risk

- worldwide electricity gen

128
Q

what country (and what % of it is powered) uses wind the most

A

spain
50% of country powered by wind

  • most of the world powered by china and US
129
Q

geothermal pros

A
  • high potential globally
  • internal heat generated and stored in the earth
  • drilling large hole and extracting water
130
Q

new-technofixes example

A

solar-hydrogen economy

131
Q

solar hydrogen economy pros

A
  • high potential, low risk
132
Q

what is the solar-hydrogen economy?

A
  • solar panels that dissociate water to hydrogen and oxygen
  • used to generate electricity during nightime!!
  • during day photovolitics power home
  • excess energy is used to split water into H and O for storage
  • at night these are recombined in a fuel cell to produce electricity while un cant

Biol 215 lecture (9 decks)

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