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Biol 215 lecture > population ecology > Flashcards

population ecology Flashcards

1
Q

monarch butterfly longest migration (lifespan)

A

goes from canada to mexico, lives 6-8 months

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2
Q

where do the monarch butterflies hibernate?

A

oyamel fir forests

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3
Q

how long do the 3 generations of monarch butterflies live that don’t migrate?

A

2-6 weeks

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4
Q

3 ways absolute density is measured?

A

1) total counts
- photographic
2) quadrat sampling
3) mark, release, recapture

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5
Q

peterson lincoln calculation for determining population size

A 
M = number of marked individuals in pop 
N = population size 
m = number of marked individuals that you pulled out when resampled 
n = number of individuals in resample

M/N=m/n

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6
Q

assumptions for reliable population estimates in mark-recapture studies

A

1) population is constant
- no immigration, no emmigration, no births, no deaths
- this is only really possible in short time frame
2) marked individuals have the same chance of getting caught as unmarked individuals
3) marked individual`s do not incur greater mortality
- stress related mortality
- mark-associated mortality
4) marked individuals don’t lose their marks
5) equal dispersal

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7
Q

methods for calculating size

A
  • hair collection
  • camera trapping
  • drones
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8
Q

mark and recapture using genetic markers

A
  • identify individual genotypes
  • eg. hair, feathers, faeces, scales
  • identify individual genotypes
  • resample at future time
  • estimate population size
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9
Q

what are the 4 primary population parameters

A

births, death, immigration, emigration

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10
Q

how can u estimate numbers of individuals in the future??

A

Nt+1 = Nt + B + I -D - E

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11
Q

what is K

A

carrying capacity

-total # of individuals that can be sustained in a habitat in the long term

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12
Q

How is K estimated

A

the average population numbers of the species observed over multiple years

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13
Q

what happens when there is exponential growth of population past K

A

if it goes past K it cannot continue much longer

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14
Q

calculation for determining K (manipulate to find K)

A

dN/dt = rN ((1-N)/K))

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15
Q

what happens when the population reaches K

A

should plateau

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16
Q

what is environmental resistance

A

sum of environmental factors (drought, mineral deficiencies, competition) restricts the biotic potential (ability of population to increase) stabilizes at K…
–> GOOD

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17
Q

what is biotic potential

A

the ability of a population of living species to increase under ideal environmental conditions. i.e sufficient food supply, no predators, lack of disease

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18
Q

name the variations in logistic growth graphs… (carrying capacity)

A
  1. Ideal logistic (smooth response)
  2. Damped oscillations
  3. Stable limit cycle
  4. Chaotic
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19
Q

Damped oscillations

A

oscillates around carrying capacity but as the time goes on oscillations lessen

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20
Q

Stable limit cycle

A

oscillates around carrying capacity.. constant oscillations

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21
Q

Chaotic

A

overshoots carrying capacity a lot and then huge downfall… probably when reproduction is high strong density regulating population size.

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22
Q

K in human species

A

we are growing exponentially

-where is our carrying capacity when will we downfall?

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23
Q

what is the K of the habitat influenced by?

A
  • the most limiting resource
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24
Q

What are intrinsic factors limiting K

A

population numbers (birth rate, death rate, foraging activity, over-grazing, habitat degradation, disease transmission)

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25
Q

What are ways of population regulation

–> before population exceed K

A
  1. regulation by increased mortality
  2. regulation by decreased births
  3. regulation by decreased births and increased mortality
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26
Q

where is the K on these graphs?

A

where the birth and death lines intersect

27
Q

what are ways of population regulation when populations exceed K? DENSITY DEPENDENT

A
  1. Intraspecific Competition
  2. Delayed breeding or reduced offspring production
  3. Increase territoriality
  4. Dispersal
  5. Parasites/disease
  6. Predators
28
Q

intraspecific competition

A

occurs when resources (food, space, mates) in limited supply

a) interference competition: individuals directly compete with eachother for resources
b) differential ability to secure resources (water, nutrients, sunlight)

29
Q

law of constant final yield

A

biomass increases, levels off, and then remains constant as density increases further

30
Q

delayed breeding or reduced offspring production

A

regression

  • as population increases, calf recruitment decreases
  • as number of breeding pairs increase, average clutch size decreases
31
Q

general mechanisms for birth rate reduction and population regulation (7 steps?? ISH?)

A
  • increased aggressive/submissive encounters
  • increased stress among sub-dominant individuals
  • increased stress leads to hyper activation of the HPA, alters secretion of growth and sex hormones
  • leads to suppression in body growth, suppression in reproduction, suppression in immune system
  • in pregnant females this leads to inflammation of kidneys, enlarged adrenal glands, uterine mortality, decreased lactation
  • young born to stressed mothers: low body weight, poor survival, delayed puberty, low reproductive rate
  • odour of urine from females delays puberty in juveniles during periods of high population density
32
Q

Increased territoriality

A
  • territorial defence by dominant individuals leads to reduced access to resources by sub-dominant individuals
  • reduced reproduction in non-territorial individuals
33
Q

Dispersal

A

members of a population disperse to regulate the number of individuals
- if you put voles and predators (or just voles) in an enclosed cage (no dispersal) bad for carrying capacity

34
Q

Parasites/disease

A
  • gastrointestinal nematodes regulate population of reindeer
35
Q

how do parasite density vary with host

A
  • trees have most (95)

- fish have least (1)

36
Q

Predators

A
  • major source of mortality

- more prey (allows predators to expand, more predation)

37
Q

overall predator/prey graphs

A
  • predators will spend more time where prey is abundant
  • positive slope…. if there are more mealworms in an area…. graph will be exponential
  • graph will plateau if the prey runs out
38
Q

Who has the most density dependent parasites and disease

A

Insects

39
Q

Who has the most predators

A
  1. Insects
  2. Small mammals/birds
  3. large mammals
40
Q

who has the most mortality from limited food

A
  1. large mammals
  2. insects
  3. small mammals/birds
41
Q

who has the most mortality from limited space or overcrowding

A
  1. small mammals and birds
  2. insects
  3. large mammals
42
Q

DENSITY INDEPENDENT POPULATION REGULATION

A
  • independent of N

- reduces the carrying capacity

43
Q

predator/prey rises and falls (hair and lynx)

A

-predating is key limiting factor of fluctuations
- predators kill the prey directly
- this indirectly causes stress in the prey
- stress reduces the reproductive rates of prey… transmitted to their offspring who also suffer reduced reproductive rates
- time lag in the response of hair reproductive rate to density (causes this rise and falls)
IS THIS RIGHT?

44
Q

What else could this predation/prey rise and fall be because of

A

SUNSPOTS

  • sunspots = reduced heat but greater solar output
  • also lines up with these rises and falls
45
Q

how long was each rise and fall

A

10 years (peak to peak)

46
Q

another reason for this predation rise/fall

A
  • 9.3 year nodal half-cycle of the moon
  • night without darkness
  • moon rises before sunset and sets before sun rises
    don’t understand
  • could affect stress, temp, cloudiness, ultrab radiation, food plant quality… causes prey to decrease
47
Q

age-specific cohort analysis

A
  • group of individuals in the same age class.. follow specific cohort from life to death
  • useful in short lived species
48
Q

50 eggs, 8 eggs lost. What is mortality and survivorship percentages.

A

Mortality: 16%
Survivorship: 18%

49
Q

time-specific life table

A
  • age structure at a single point in time
  • long-lived animals
  • requires age distribution of a population
50
Q

What doe potential rapid population growth look like

A

pyramid. ..
- lots of young ppl
- fair amount of reproductive ppl
- and small amount of old ppl

51
Q

Population stable or decreasing

A

fair amount of reproductive and old ppl. Not much young ppl

52
Q

why to males often have a lower ex?

A
  • trophy hunting

- things that influence population structure

53
Q

age specific fecundity rate

A

average number of offspring produced per human female for each age group

54
Q

total fecundity rate

A

average number of offspring produced per female over her lifetime

55
Q

what do you need to know to determine the population after reproduction if you have the TFR

A

you need to know the ratio of males to females

56
Q

If Ro = 1.87 for a population of 400, what will the population grow per generation

A

will grow 748 females per generation

57
Q

how many daughters are produced in 4 years when Ro = 1.5 and there are 100 females in the habitat that breed at 1 y then die after they breed

A

507

58
Q

semelparous

A

species breeds once then dies

59
Q

what has a huge affect in population size

A

Ro….graph between an Ro of 1.2 and 1.05… 1.2 grows exponentially, Ro of 1.05 looks linear, not steep slope

60
Q

geometric growth

A

if the population grows without constraints

61
Q

iteroparous

A

species breeds more tan once

62
Q

what kind of species have pulsed reproduction

A

semelparous species

63
Q

what kind of species have nonpulsed reproduction

A

iteroparous species

Biol 215 lecture (9 decks)

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